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Suppression of TNF-α–induced proinflammatory cytokine expression by NA and β-HB at mRNA level. qPCR analysis of (A) IL-6, (B) Ccl2, and (C) GPR109A mRNA expression in ARPE-19 cells exposed to TNF-α (10 ng/mL; 24-hour incubation) in the presence or absence of nicotinate (1 mM) or β-HB (5 mM). *P < 0.01 compared with control cells; **P < 0.01 compared with TNF-α–treated cells.
