Table 2.
Prevalence rate and odds ratio of hemoglobin A1c <7.0% (<53 mmol/mol), blood pressure <140/90 mmHg and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol <100 mg/dL by baseline variables in 2,640 patients with type 2 diabetes, Isfahan, Iran
| Characteristics | n (%) | HbA1c <7.0% | Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | BP <140/90 mmHg | Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | LDLC <100 mg/dL | Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | 2,640 (100) | 988 (37.4) | – | 964 (36.5) | – | 1,290 (48.9) | – |
| Age (years) | |||||||
| 30–40 | 346 (13.1) | 117 (33.8) | 1.00 | 206 (59.7) | 1.00 | 170 (49.1) | 1.00 |
| 40–49 | 970 (36.8) | 354 (36.5) | 1.12 (0.87, 1.45) | 402 (41.4) | 0.48 (0.37, 0.61)*** | 451 (46.5) | 0.90 (0.70, 1.14) |
| 50–59 | 938 (35.6) | 357 (38.1) | 1.20 (0.92, 1.55) | 282 (30.1) | 0.29 (0.22, 0.38)*** | 457 (48.7) | 0.98 (0.76, 1.25) |
| ≥60 | 384 (14.6) | 157 (40.9) | 1.35 (1.00, 1.82) | 40 (10.4) | 0.08 (0.05, 0.12)*** | 212 (55.2) | 1.27 (0.95, 1.70) |
| Age at diabetes diagnosis (years) | |||||||
| <30 | 110 (4.2) | 25 (22.7) | 1.00 | 66 (60.0) | 1.00 | 51 (46.4) | 1.00 |
| 30–59 | 2,341 (89.5) | 877 (37.5) | 2.04 (1.29, 3.21)** | 839 (35.8) | 0.37 (0.25, 0.55)*** | 1,139 (48.7) | 1.10 (0.75, 1.61) |
| ≥60 | 166 (6.3) | 75 (45.2) | 2.80 (1.63, 4.81)*** | 19 (11.4) | 0.09 (0.05, 0.16)*** | 86 (51.8) | 1.24 (0.77, 2.02) |
| Years since diabetes diagnosis | |||||||
| <5 | 1,576 (60.2) | 645 (40.9) | 1.00 | 627 (39.8) | 1.00 | 745 (47.3) | 1.00 |
| 5–7.9 | 480 (18.3) | 169 (35.2) | 0.76 (0.61, 0.94)* | 158 (32.9) | 0.85 (0.68, 1.06) | 243 (50.6) | 1.12 (0.91, 1.37) |
| 8–11.9 | 298 911.40 | 95 (31.9) | 0.63 (0.48, 0.82)** | 83 (27.9) | 0.72 (0.55, 0.96)* | 158 (53.0) | 1.22 (0.95, 1.57) |
| ≥12 | 266 (10.2) | 71 (26.7) | 0.46 (0.34, 0.62)*** | 58 (21.8) | 0.69 (0.50, 0.95)* | 130 (48.9) | 0.99 (0.76, 1.29) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||
| <25 | 580 (22.7) | 207 (35.7) | 1.00 | 241 (41.6) | 1.00 | 301 (51.9) | 1.00 |
| 25–29 | 1,174 (45.9) | 464 (39.5) | 1.01 (0.80, 1.26) | 453 (38.6) | 0.86 (0.70, 1.07) | 576 (49.1) | 0.89 (0.73, 1.09) |
| ≥30 | 806 (31.5) | 285 (35.4) | 1.19 (0.99, 1.44) | 213 (26.4) | 0.43 (0.34, 0.55)*** | 377 (46.8) | 0.82 (0.67, 1.02) |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | |||||||
| <140 | 2,054 (77.8) | 772 (37.6) | 1.00 | 903 (44.0) | 1.00 | 987 (48.1) | 1.00 |
| 140–159 | 424 (16.1) | 161 (38.0) | 0.96 (0.77, 1.20) | 26 (6.1) | 0.10 (0.07, 0.15)*** | 277 (53.5) | 1.18 (0.96, 1.47) |
| ≥160 | 162 (6.1) | 55 (34.0) | 0.78 (0.55, 1.10) | 3 (1.9) | 0.04 (0.01, 0.11)*** | 76 (46.9) | 0.89 (0.64, 1.23) |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | |||||||
| <80 | 2,091 (79.2) | 787 (37.6) | 1.00 | 871 (41.7) | 1.00 | 1,021 (48.8) | 1.00 |
| 80–90 | 416 (15.8) | 154 (37.0) | 0.95 (0.76, 1.18) | 55 (13.2) | 0.23 (0.17, 0.32)*** | 207 (49.8) | 1.01 (0.82, 1.25) |
| ≥90 | 133 (5.0) | 47 (35.3) | 0.88 (0.61, 1.27) | 6 (4.5) | 0.07 (0.03, 0.16)*** | 62 (46.6) | 0.89 (0.62, 1.26) |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | |||||||
| <100 | 96 (3.6) | 49 (51.0) | 1.00 | 55 (57.3) | 1.00 | 48 (50.0) | 1.00 |
| 100–125 | 383 (14.5) | 186 (48.6) | 0.91 (0.58, 1.43) | 148 (38.6) | 0.46 (0.28, 0.74)** | 181 (47.3) | 0.87 (0.55, 1.36) |
| ≥126 | 2,161 (81.9) | 753 (34.8) | 0.51 (0.34, 0.78)** | 729 (33.7) | 0.36 (0.23, 0.56)*** | 1,061 (49.1) | 0.93 (0.62, 1.41) |
| HbA1c, % (mmol/mol) | |||||||
| <7.0 (<53) | 679 (25.7) | 366 (56.8) | 1.00 | 321 (47.3) | 1.00 | 356 (52.4) | 1.00 |
| 7–9.4 (53–79) | 1,172 (44.4) | 411 (35.1) | 0.41 (0.33, 0.49)*** | 388 (33.1) | 0.57 (0.46, 0.69)*** | 566 (48.3) | 0.83 (0.69, 1.00) |
| ≥9.5 (≥80) | 789 (29.9) | 191 (24.2) | 0. 24 (0.19, 0.30)*** | 223 (28.3) | 0. 45 (0.36, 0.56)*** | 368 (46.6) | 0.77 (0.63, 0.95)* |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | |||||||
| <150 | 889 (33.7) | 355 (39.9) | 1.00 | 330 (37.1) | 1.00 | 442 (49.7) | 1.00 |
| 150–449 | 1,608 (60.9) | 585 (36.4) | 0.86 (0.73, 1.02) | 557 (34.6) | 0.89 (0.74, 1.06) | 782 (48.6) | 0.96 (0.81, 1.13) |
| ≥450 | 143 (5.4) | 48 (33.6) | 0.78 (0.53, 1.13) | 45 (4.8) | 0.67 (0.45, 1.00)* | 66 (46.2) | 0.88 (0.62, 1.25) |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | |||||||
| <200 | 1,032 (39.1) | 427 (41.4) | 1.00 | 449 (43.5) | 1.00 | 600 (58.1) | 1.00 |
| 200–219 | 456 (17.3) | 188 (41.2) | 0.98 (0.78, 1.22) | 145 (31.8) | 0.61 (0.48, 0.77)*** | 215 (47.1) | 0.64 (0.51, 0.80)*** |
| >220 | 1,151 (43.6) | 372 (32.3) | 0.66 (0.55, 0.79)*** | 338 (29.4) | 0.57 (0.47, 0.68)*** | 474 (41.2) | 0.50 (0.42, 0.59)*** |
| HDLC (mg/dL) | |||||||
| ≥40 | 1,734 (65.7) | 638 (36.8) | 1.00 | 617 (35.6) | 1.00 | 808 (46.6) | 1.00 |
| <40 | 906 (34.3) | 350 (38.6) | 0.93 (0.79, 1.10) | 315 (34.8) | 0.98 (0.82, 1.17) | 482 (53.2) | 0.78 (0.66, 0.91)** |
| LDLC (mg/dL) | |||||||
| <100 | 598 (24.5) | 244 (40.8) | 1.00 | 234 (26.0) | 1.00 | 374 (62.5) | 1.00 |
| ≥100 | 1,844 (75.5) | 677 (36.7) | 0.83 (0.68, 0.99)* | 666 (74.0) | 0.66 (0.54, 0.80)*** | 827 (44.8) | 0.48 (0.40, 0.58)*** |
| Sex (%) | |||||||
| Men | 944 (35.8) | 373 (39.5) | 1.00 | 366 (38.8) | 1.00 | 498 (52.8) | 1.00 |
| Women | 1,696 (64.2) | 615 (36.3) | 0.89 (0.75, 1.05) | 565 (33.3) | 0.62 (0.52, 0.74)*** | 792 (46.7) | 0.80 (0.68, 0.94)** |
| Therapeutic regimen (%) | |||||||
| Diet | 569 (21.6) | 266 (46.7) | 1.00 | 218 (38.3) | 1.00 | 275 (48.3) | 1.00 |
| Oral agent | 1,809 (68.5) | 658 (36.4) | 0.39 (0.27, 0.56)*** | 615 (34.0) | 0.97 (0.67, 1.39) | 887 (49.0) | 0.98 (0.71, 1.36) |
| Insulin | 193 (7.3) | 49 (25.4) | 0.64 (0.53, 0.78)*** | 72 (37.3) | 0.93 (0.76, 1.14) | 93 (48.2) | 1.01 (0.83, 1.22) |
| Insulin and oral agent | 69 (2.6) | 15 (21.7) | 0.31 (0.17, 0.56)*** | 27 (39.1) | 1.27 (0.74, 2.16) | 35 (50.7) | 1.07 (0.65, 1.76) |
| Education (%) | |||||||
| Less than high school | 1,788 (70.6) | 636 (35.6) | 1.00 | 539 (30.1) | 1.00 | 858 (48.0) | 1.00 |
| High school | 472 (18.6) | 183 (38.8) | 1.19 (0.96, 1.47) | 231 (48.9) | 1.97 (1.59, 2.45)*** | 244 (51.7) | 1.19 (0.97, 1.46) |
| College graduate | 271 (10.7) | 132 (48.7) | 1.74 (1.35, 2.26)*** | 130 (48.0) | 2.23 (1.70, 2.92)*** | 142 (52.4) | 1.20 (0.93, 1.55) |
| Smoker (%) | 159 (6.0) | 53 (33.3) | 1.01 (0.71, 1.42) | 46 (28.9) | 0.87 (0.60, 1.27) | 85 (53.5) | 0.82 (0.59, 1.14) |
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. Total number of at risk is not the same for each variable because of missing values. Odds ratio (OR; with 95% confidence interval [CI]) calculated by multiple logistic regression. BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDLC, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDLC, low density lipoprotein cholesterol.