Table 2.
Unadjusted regression model of logged household expenditures for food, education and healthcare
| Food | Education | Healthcare | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Random-slope | Random-intercept | Fixed-effects | Random-slope | Random-intercept | Fixed-effects | Random-slope | Random-intercept | Fixed-effects |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | |
| Current tobacco use (ref. No use) | |||||||||
| Daily | −0.064** | −0.051** | −0.052** | −0.208** | −0.183** | −0.184** | −0.137** | −0.121** | −0.122** |
| Occasional | −0.083** | −0.050** | −0.050** | −0.138** | −0.065** | −0.066** | −0.093* | −0.043 | −0.043 |
| Constant | 4.666** | 4.657** | 4.656** | 1.517** | 1.498** | 1.547** | 1.584** | 1.574** | 1.455** |
| SD (Daily) | .081 (.015)a | — | — | .137 (.027)a | — | — | .148 (.028)a | — | — |
| SD (Occasional) | .103 (.029)a | — | — | .120 (.035)a | — | — | .143 (.044)a | — | — |
| SD (Constant) | .517 (.058)a | .520 (.059)a | — | .699 (.079)a | .691 (.078)a | — | .662 (.075)a | .652 (.074)a | — |
| Hausman testb | — | [χ c(2) = 4.05 (p = 0.132)] | — | [χ c(2) = 7.59 (p = 0.023)] | — | [χ c(2) = 5.82 (p = 0.055)] | |||
| Likelihood ratio testc | [χ c(2) = 59.86 (p < 0.001)] | — | [χ c(2) = 43.86 (p < 0.001)] | — | [χ c(2) = 47.16 (p < 0.001)] | — | |||
| Observations (countries) | 53,185 (40) | 50,732 (40) | 50,602 (40) | ||||||
Notes: **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05; SD, standard deviation of estimated coefficient; astandard error in parentheses; bRejecting the null hypothesis would favor fixed-effects to random-intercept; cRejecting the null hypothesis would favor random-slope over random-intercept