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. 2015 Oct 31;20:89. doi: 10.1186/s40001-015-0176-7

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© Kang et al. 2015

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Effect of glucosamine in human normal chondrocytes. a Normal chondrocytes were cultured as a pellet and stained with Alcian blue at day 9 and the expression levels of COMP and ACAN were analyzed by qRT-PCR to check chondrogenic characteristics (left panel). Normal human chondrocytes were left untreated or were treated with 10, 50 or 100 mM glucosamine for 24 h. A dose-dependent change in the cell morphology was detected by phase-contrast microscopy (right panel). b RNA levels of MMP-13 and ADAMTS4 were analyzed by qRT-PCR. Cells were analyzed by c Muse™ Annexin V and Dead Cell assay and d Muse™ Mitopotential assay. Bars show the mean ± SD of three individual experiments. *P < 0.05 versus control (untreated)