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. 2015 Oct 31;20:89. doi: 10.1186/s40001-015-0176-7

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© Kang et al. 2015

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 3 — Effect of glucosamine on VLCFA. a Normal human chondrocytes were left untreated or were treated with 10 and 50 mM glucosamine for 24 h. Total lipid was analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and divided into LLCFA, LCFA, MCFA, and SCFA. b Normal human chondrocytes were left untreated or were treated with lignoceric acid (VLCFA) for 24 h and cell morphologies were assessed by phase-contrast microscopy (upper panel). RNA levels of MMP-13 were analyzed by qRT-PCR (lower panel). c RNA levels of pro-apoptotic genes were analyzed by qRT-PCR and presented as heat-map. Red color represented as significant increase in expression levels. Apoptotic cell populations were analyzed by FACS. Bars show the mean ± SD of three individual experiments. *P < 0.05 versus control (untreated)