Table 3.
Univariate multinomial logistic regression analyses of the associations between sociodemographic, reproductive, clinical, and tumor characteristics, and breast cancer subtype
| Characteristic | Luminal B (n = 70) | Non-luminal HER2-expressing (n = 38) | Triple-negative breast cancer (n = 91) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| OR (95% CI)a | OR (95% CI)a | OR (95% CI)a | |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | |||
| Age at diagnosis (years) | |||
| <45 | 2.1 (1.2, 3.8) | 1.9 (0.9, 4.1) | 1.7 (1.0, 2.9) |
| ≥45 | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) |
| Race | |||
| White | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) |
| African American | 1.9 (1.1, 3.1) | 1.3 (0.7, 2.5) | 2.7 (1.7, 4.3) |
| Marital statusb | |||
| Married or living as married | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) |
| Unmarried | 1.0 (0.6, 1.8) | 1.8 (0.9, 3.7) | 1.1 (0.6, 1.8) |
| Unknown | 0.8 (0.4, 1.6) | 0.7 (0.2, 2.0) | 1.0 (0.5, 1.8) |
| Education | |||
| Below college | 0.7 (0.4, 1.1) | 1.1 (0.5, 2.2) | 1.6 (1.0, 2.7) |
| College graduate and above | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) |
| Unknown | 0.3 (0.1, 0.9) | 0.4 (0.1, 1.7) | 1.6 (0.8, 3.3) |
| Annual household incomec | |||
| <$70,000 | 1.2 (0.7, 2.3) | 1.5 (0.7, 3.2) | 1.8 (1.1, 3.2) |
| ≥$70,000 | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) |
| Unknown | 1.0 (0.5, 1.9) | 0.9 (0.4, 2.2) | 1.2 (0.7, 2.3) |
| Primary health insurance | |||
| Non-private | 0.4 (0.2, 0.8) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.5) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.5) |
| Private | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) |
| Unknown | 1.0 (0.4, 2.7) | 0.4 (0.1, 2.9) | 1.1 (0.4, 2.7) |
| Reproductive and clinical characteristics | |||
| Menopausal status | |||
| Pre | 1.9 (1.1, 3.1) | 1.2 (0.6, 2.5) | 1.3 (0.8, 2.1) |
| Post | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) |
| Age at menarche (years) | |||
| <12 | 0.6 (0.3, 1.5) | 1.4 (0.5, 4.3) | 1.6 (0.7, 3.6) |
| 12 – 13 | 1.1 (0.5, 2.1) | 1.5 (0.5, 4.1) | 1.6 (0.8, 3.4) |
| >13 | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) |
| Unknown | 0.7 (0.3, 1.5) | 0.8 (0.2, 2.8) | 1.4 (0.6, 3.2) |
| Parity | |||
| Nulliparous | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) |
| Parous | 1.2 (0.6, 2.4) | 1.0 (0.4, 2.4) | 1.0 (0.5, 1.9) |
| Unknown | 0.8 (0.3, 1.8) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.9) | 1.0 (0.5, 2.0) |
| Parityd | |||
| 1 – 2 children | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) |
| ≥3 children | 0.9 (0.4, 1.6) | 0.9 (0.4, 2.2) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.9) |
| History of breastfeedingd | |||
| No | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) |
| Yes | 1.1 (0.6, 2.1) | 1.2 (0.5, 2.6) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.3) |
| History of oral contraceptive use | |||
| Never | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) |
| Ever | 1.1 (0.6, 2.0) | 1.0 (0.5, 2.2) | 1.3 (0.8, 2.4) |
| Unknown | 0.7 (0.3, 1.6) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.7) | 1.2 (0.6, 2.3) |
| History of HRT use | |||
| Never | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) |
| Ever | 0.7 (0.3, 1.5) | 1.1 (0.4, 2.6) | 1.1 (0.6, 2.1) |
| Unknown | 0.6 (0.3, 1.2) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.5) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) |
| Family history of breast cancer | |||
| No | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) |
| Yes | 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.3) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||
| <25.0 | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) |
| 25.0 – 29.99 | 0.9 (0.5, 1.7) | 1.0 (0.5, 2.3) | 1.7 (0.9, 3.1) |
| ≥30.0 | 0.9 (0.5, 1.6) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.3) | 1.4 (0.8, 2.4) |
| Unknown | |||
| Comorbid conditions | |||
| 0 | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) |
| ≥1 | 0.6 (0.3, 1.0) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.6) | 1.1 (0.6, 2.0) |
| Diabetes | |||
| Yes | 1.4 (0.7, 2.7) | 1.9 (0.8, 4.5) | 1.1 (0.6, 2.2) |
| No | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) |
| Hypertension | |||
| Yes | 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.6) | 1.4 (0.9, 2.2) |
| No | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) |
| Osteoporosis/osteopenia | |||
| Yes | 0.6 (0.3, 1.1) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.2) | 0.6 (0.4, 1.1) |
| No | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) |
| Arthritis | |||
| Yes | 0.8 (0.5, 1.6) | 1.1 (0.5, 2.4) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.1) |
| No | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) |
| Tumor characteristics | |||
| Mode of detection | |||
| Patient self-detecting | 1.8 (1.1, 3.1) | 2.4 (1.2, 4.7) | 2.7 (1.7, 4.2) |
| Patient not self-detecting | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) |
| History of benign breast disease | |||
| No | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) |
| Yes | 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) | 1.1 (0.6, 2.2) | 0.6 (0.4, 1.0) |
| Tumor grade | |||
| Well/moderately differentiated | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) |
| Poorly differentiated | 3.3 (1.9, 5.6) | 16.7 (6.7, 41.5) | 13.8 (7.9, 24.4) |
| Unknown | -- | -- | -- |
| AJCC stage | |||
| Stage I | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) |
| Stage II and above | 1.9 (1.1, 3.2) | 2.6 (1.3, 5.2) | 1.8 (1.2, 2.9) |
| Unknown | -- | -- | -- |
| Tumor size (cm) | |||
| ≤1.0 | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) |
| >1.0 | 2.0 (1.1, 3.5) | 2.5 (1.1, 5.7) | 3.4 (1.9, 6.2) |
| Lymph node status | |||
| Negative | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) |
| Positive | 1.3 (0.8, 2.3) | 1.1 (0.5, 2.3) | 1.2 (0.7, 2.0) |
| Unknown | -- | -- | -- |
| Lymphovascular invasion present | |||
| No | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) |
| Yes | 1.9 (1.1, 3.4) | 0.9 (0.4, 2.4) | 1.2 (0.7, 2.1) |
| Unknown | 0.9 (0.3, 2.1) | 1.7 (0.7, 4.2) | 1.3 (0.7, 2.6) |
| p53 status positive | |||
| No | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) |
| Yes | 2.1 (0.7, 6.1) | 3.3 (1.0, 10.4) | 5.0 (2.3, 10.8) |
| Ki67 status positive | |||
| No | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) | 1.0 (Referent) |
| Yes | 2.6 (1.5, 4.5) | 2.7 (1.3, 5.5) | 4.2 (2.6, 6.7) |
Abbreviations: HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; HRT, Hormone Replacement Therapy; AJCC, American Joint Committee on Cancer.
a
ORs and 95% CIs were generated from univariate multinomial logistic regression models with the luminal A subtype as the referent group.
b
The unmarried group was composed of those who were single/never been married, separated, divorced, or widowed.
c
$70,000 is the median income among households in New Jersey and thus was used as the cut-point to dichotomize the income variable.
d
Number of children and history of breastfeeding were among parous women only (N = 385).