Table 1.
Three-month prevalence of DSM-IV disorders among 5- to 8-year-olds according to level of impairment required for diagnosis (N = 6,172)
| Diagnosis | Impairment not required | Mild impairment required | Severe impairment required | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | (95 % CI) | % | (95 % CI) | % | (95 % CI) | |
| Any disorder | 31.1 | (26.9–35.6) | 22.9a | (19.3–26.9) | 10.3b,c | (7.9–13.2) |
| Anxiety disorders | ||||||
| Any anxiety disorder | 12.7 | (9.9–16.1) | 7.8a | (5.7–10.7) | 2.4b,c | (1.4–4.1) |
| Social phobia | 1.4 | (0.7–2.5) | 1.2 | (0.6–2.4) | 0.6 | (0.2–1.6) |
| Separation anxiety | 1.3 | (0.6–2.8) | 0.9 | (0.4–2.2) | 0.3b,c | (0.1–0.5) |
| Specific phobia | 10.7 | (8.1–14.0) | 6.1a | (4.1–8.8) | 1.6b,c | (0.8–3.3) |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 0.5 | (0.3–0.7) | 0.4 | (0.3–0.7) | 0.1b,c | (0.0–0.3) |
| Obsessive–compulsive disorder | 0.5 | (0.1–1.6) | 0.2 | (0.1–0.3) | 0.1 | (0.0–0.2) |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder | 0.1 | (0.0–0.2) | 0.1 | (0.0–0.2) | 0.0 | (0.0–0.2) |
| Mood disorders | ||||||
| Any mood disorder | 0.8 | (0.3–2.2) | 0.8 | (0.3–2.2) | 0.4 | (0.1–1.6) |
| Major depressive episode | 0.4 | (0.1–1.8) | 0.4 | (0.1–1.8) | 0.3 | (0.1–1.9) |
| Dysthymia | 0.5 | (0.1–1.6) | 0.4 | (0.1–1.7) | 0.1 | (0.0–0.3) |
| Behavioral disorders | ||||||
| Any behavioral disorder | 16.4 | (13.4–19.9) | 15.5 | (12.6–18.9) | 8.1b,c | (6.1–10.7) |
| Any ADHD | 8.7 | (6.6–11.3) | 8.0 | (6.1–10.6) | 4.6b,c | (3.2–6.7) |
| ADHD-inattention | 3.2 | (2.0–5.2) | 2.7 | (1.6–4.6) | 1.4 | (0.7–2.9) |
| ADHD-hyperactive | 2.8 | (1.8–4.5) | 2.7 | (1.7–4.4) | 1.6 | (0.8–3.0) |
| ADHD-combined | 2.6 | (1.7–4.1) | 2.6 | (1.7–4.1) | 1.7 | (0.9–3.1) |
| Oppositional defiant disorder | 10.5 | (8.1–13.5) | 10.1 | (7.8–13.1) | 4.6b,c | (3.2–6.7) |
| Conduct disorder | 0.3 | (0.2–0.5) | 0.2 | (0.1–0.4) | 0.1 | (0.0–0.3) |
| Miscellaneous | ||||||
| Nocturnal enuresis | 6.6 | (4.6–9.2) | 2.2a | (1.2–3.9) | 0.2b,c | (0.1–0.4) |
| Diurnal enuresis | 0.7 | (0.3–1.7) | 0.6 | (0.2–1.6) | 0.1b,c | (0.0–0.2) |
| Encopresis | 1.5 | (0.7–3.2) | 1.2 | (0.5–2.7) | 0.7 | (0.2–2.2) |
| Tourette’s disorder | 0.0 | (0.0–0.2) | 0.0 | (0.0–0.2) | 0.0 | (0.0–0.2) |
Weighted prevalence estimates (95 % confidence intervals) based on Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC) interviews in 1,154 selected children to represent rates in the full population-based sample (N = 6,172). The timeframe of the DISC for determining the presence of disorders was generally the past 3 months. Only for dysthymia and conduct disorder a 1-year timeframe was used
ADHD attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
aDecrease in rate is statistically significant: mild impairment required versus impairment not required
bDecrease in rate is statistically significant: severe impairment required versus impairment not required
cDecrease in rate is statistically significant: severe impairment versus mild impairment required