Table 2.

Previously published clinical studies reporting the accordion technique during delayed or absent callus formation of distraction osteogenesis (DO).

Authors	Number of patients	Indication	Successful outcome	Technique for accordion maneuver
Iacobellis et al. 2010 [26]	3	Poor regenerate during bone transport	100% (3/3)	Compression followed by distraction of the transport segment (no details)
Hatzokos et al. 2011 [24]	8	Delayed consolidation	75% (6/8)	Accordion technique (no details).
Kawoosa et al. 2003 [25]	1	Delayed consolidation	100% (1/1)	Alternate compression and distraction of the regenerate (no details)
El-Mowafi et al. 2005 [27]	N = ?	Delayed consolidation	?	Compression and distraction of a moving segment (no details)
El-Sayed et al. 2010 [17]	25	Absence of callus formation	76% (19/25)	Distraction-compression technique (no details)
Tsuchiya et al. 1997 [28]	N = ?	Poor regenerate during bone transport	?	Compression and distraction of a moving segment (no details)
Vidyadhara and Rao 2007 [15]	N = ?	Poor regenerate callus during bone transport	?	Compression and distraction of a moving segment (no details).
Simpson and Kenwright 2000 [16]	2	Poor callus formation	0% (0/2)	Changes in the dynamics of distraction (no details)
Krishnan et al. 2006 [19]	2	Poor regenerate during bone transport	100% (2/2)	Reported as distraction, discontinued, reversed, and restarted at a reduced rate (0.25 mm/12 h, instead of 0.25 mm/6 h)