Table 1.
Characteristics of the US adult population ≥20 years of age.
| Characteristics | Sleep quality | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Good (n = 428) | Fair (n = 488) | Poor (n = 579) | Very poor (n = 577) | ||
| Age (mean (95% CI)) | 51.5 (48.7, 54.3) | 48.9 (46.2, 51.6) | 46.6 (44.4, 48.8) | 46.7 (44.5, 48.9) | <0.05 |
| Age categories (% (95% CI)) | |||||
| 20 to <40 years | 28.2 (21.7, 34.7) | 33.9 (28.6, 39.2) | 36.8 (31.8, 41.8) | 33.7 (29.1, 38.4) | <0.05 |
| 40 to <65 years | 45.9 (40.4, 51.5) | 44.8 (39.2, 50.4) | 47.1 (44.1, 50.1) | 51.3 (45.7, 56.9) | |
| ≥65 years | 25.9 (20.3, 31.4) | 21.3 (15.9, 26.6) | 16.1 (12.2, 20.0) | 15.0 (10.0, 19.9) | |
| Sex | |||||
| Men | 60.8 (55, 66.6) | 51.5 (46.5, 56.4) | 51.1 (47.5, 54.8) | 43.4 (39.5, 47.4) | <0.05 |
| Women | 39.2 (33.4, 45.0) | 48.5 (43.6, 53.5) | 48.9 (45.2, 52.5) | 56.6 (52.6, 60.5) | |
| Ethnicity | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 58.1 (49.1, 67.2) | 73.8 (66.7, 80.9) | 75.2 (67.4, 82.9) | 73.6 (68.3, 78.9) | <0.05 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 15.6 (10.7, 20.5) | 10.0 (5.5, 14.6) | 8.6 (5.1, 12.2) | 13.0 (8.9, 17.1) | |
| Mexican American | 14.8 (9.1, 20.6) | 7.0 (3.5, 10.6) | 6.6 (4.6, 8.6) | 5.3 (3.2, 7.3) | |
| Others | 11.4 (6.0, 16.8) | 9.2 (3.6, 14.7) | 9.6 (5.1, 14.1) | 8.1 (5.0, 11.3) | |
| Education | |||||
| <High school | 26.1 (18.7, 33.5) | 16.5 (11.2, 21.8) | 14.2 (10.9, 17.5) | 16.8 (12.5, 21.1) | <0.05 |
| High school | 25.5 (19.0, 32.1) | 24.9 (20.1, 29.7) | 24.4 (20.2, 28.6) | 27.7 (24.0, 31.4) | |
| College | 48.4 (36.2, 60.6) | 58.6 (51.5, 65.7) | 61.4 (56.0, 66.8) | 55.5 (50.0, 61.0) | |
| Income | |||||
| <$20,000 | 16.8 (12.0, 21.6) | 14.7 (10.8, 18.6) | 12.9 (9.2, 16.7) | 18.8 (14.1, 23.6) | NS |
| $20,000–44,999 | 33.7 (25.8, 41.5) | 33.1 (27.2, 39.0) | 30.3 (23.6, 37.0) | 31.5 (24.0, 39.0) | |
| ≥$45,000 | 49.5 (39.5, 59.6) | 52.2 (45.6, 58.9) | 56.8 (49, 64.5) | 49.7 (42.1, 57.3) | |
| Smoking | |||||
| None | 52.1 (43.0, 61.3) | 47.7 (40.8, 54.5) | 52.9 (47.9, 58) | 42.8 (36.6, 49.0) | <0.05 |
| Current | 20.7 (14.7, 26.8) | 20.6 (14.9, 26.4) | 22.1 (17.1, 27.2) | 34.3 (29.7, 39.0) | |
| Past | 27.1 (21.5, 32.8) | 31.7 (26.8, 36.6) | 24.9 (20.8, 29.0) | 22.8 (19.3, 26.4) | |
| Alcohol intake | |||||
| 0 drinks/d | 36.6 (30.9, 42.3) | 29.8 (23.3, 36.3) | 28.1 (22.2, 34.0) | 33.6 (29.4, 37.8) | NS |
| <3 drinks/d | 41.3 (34.4, 48.3) | 46.3 (39.5, 53.1) | 44.8 (39.0, 50.5) | 39.7 (34.5, 44.8) | |
| ≥3 drinks/d | 22.1 (16.9, 27.3) | 23.9 (19.2, 28.6) | 27.1 (22.4, 31.9) | 26.8 (21.8, 31.7) | |
| Recreational physical activity | |||||
| None reported | 41.2 (34.2, 48.1) | 28.2 (24.2, 32.3) | 28.2 (22.9, 33.5) | 35.6 (31.2, 39.9) | <0.05 |
| <500 MET·min/w | 16.4 (11.3, 21.5) | 22.2 (17.8, 26.6) | 25.1 (20.2, 30.1) | 22.4 (18.3, 26.5) | |
| ≥500 MET·min/w | 42.4 (36.9, 48.0) | 49.6 (44.1, 55.1) | 46.6 (41.9, 51.4) | 42.1 (35.2, 49.0) | |
Mean (95% CI) for continuous variables and % (95% CI) for categorical variables. Overall sleep quality was calculated based on six questions on sleep habits of participants and categorized into quartiles: good (<3), fair (≥3 to 7), poor (≥7 to 12), and very poor (≥12). p < 0.05, two-sided; ANOVA or Chi-square, as appropriate. NS: not significant. Sum of weights = 95,276,598.