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. 2015 Feb 19;5(2):123–128. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.01.009

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Working model of TGR-mediated bile acid signaling in nonciliated and ciliated cholangiocytes. The localization of TGR5 on the plasma membrane (PM) or ciliary membrane determines the cholangiocyte functional response to bile acid (BA) signaling. In nonciliated cholangiocytes, TGR5 agonists increase cAMP levels and cell proliferation but inhibit ERK signaling. In ciliated cholangiocytes, the effects of TGR5 agonists are opposite, i.e., cAMP levels and cell proliferation decreased, but ERK signaling is activated. Reprinted with permission from Masyuk et al.21.