Table 2.

Morphological characteristics of the 5 TTCMs (15 species in total).

Testacean drug	Original species	Morphological characteristics
Shape and size	Shell surface
Haliotidis Concha	H. diversicolor	Elongated ovoid, inner sideear-like	The outer dark red or brown, with yellowish-brown cloudiness, spiral ribs and fine growth lines. The spiral part small, the body whorl large; dozens of protuberances arranged towards right from the second spiral whorl to the edge of the body whorl part, usually the last 6–8 open. The inner smooth, with pearly luster.
H. discus	Long oval	The outer brown or turquoise, with many coarse and irregular wrinkles, usually with attachments such as bryozoans; the last 3–5 protuberances open. The inner showing turquoise pearly luster.
H. ruber	Flat ovoid, large	The outer usually brick-red, with attachments similar to white lime; the spiral ribs and growth lines ridged in undulation. The last 7–9 protuberances open. The inner with nacreous luster.
H. asinina	Long and narrow, ear-like, slightly small and curved	The outer smooth, greyish- or yellowish-green, with triangular or irregular jade green, brown or apricot speckles. The last 5–7 protuberances, mostly ellipsoidal, open on the same level with the shell surface.
H. laevigata	Oval, somewhat large and flat	The outer ecru, growth lines relatively conspicuous.
Arcae Concha	A. subcrenata	Long oval and oblique fan-shaped	The shell surface bulgy, the umbo curling inwards to the ligament. The outer white, with brownish coat and minute hairs; radiated ribs distinct. The inner white, with depressions at the margin corresponding to the ribs on the outer surface, forming protruding long teeth. The hinge straight, bearing a row of denticles.
A. inflata	Large	Similar to the shell of A. subcrenata.
A. granosa	Somewhat small, long oval	The outer surface with brownish coat but no minute hairs; radiated ribs distinct, with extremely obvious granular protuberances.
Meretricis Concha	M. meretrix	Somewhat triangular, the ventral side arch-like	The outer smooth, with a coat like oil paint, mostly in yellowish-brown to dark brown; serrated or wavy brown stripes forming circular figured-belt, varying with individual differences. The inner white. The hinge wide, the right shell with three cardinal teeth and two front lateral teeth; the left shell with three cardinal teeth and one front lateral teeth.
C. sinensis	Subrounded	The outer usually in pale yellow; concentric growth ring pulses above the shell surface, forming ring fine ribs. The inner white, the edge occasionally in purple, with a row of denticles. Both the right and left shells with three cardinal teeth, without lateral teeth.
Ostreae Concha	O. talienwhanensis	Subtriangular, the right shells somewhat flat, while the left concaved in box-shape	The outer in pale yellow or purple-brown; concentric scales arranged loosely and undulated up and down; the left shell with thick radiated ribs. The inner white, trace of adductor unobvious.
O. rivularis	Oval or subtriangular	The outer pale yellow, brown or greyish-green; concentric growth scales overlapped one another. The inner white; trace of adductor mostly in half-moon-shape, in light yellow or purple.
Margaritifera Concha	H. cumingii	Large, somewhat flat, in scalene triangular. Dorsal posterior margin projected upward, forming a large triangular sail-like wing; ventral margin slightly arch-like	The outer with a layer of brownish-yellow to pitchy horn, concentric growth lines distinct. The inner opalescent, with pearly luster, trace of mantle visible; both the right and left shells with two pseudo-cardinal teeth, the left with two slat lateral teeth, the right with one slat lateral tooth.
C. plicata	Large, somewhat in scalene triangular. Dorsal posterior margin expanded upward, forming a large crest; ventral margin straight	The outer in tan or pitchy, margin mostly in brownish-yellow; several brownish-yellow or greenish-yellow stripes radiated from the umbo to the ventral margin visible; growth lines distinct; longitudinal ribs gradually thick arranged from the umbo to the back of the shell. The inner lustrous, trace of mantle visible; both the right and left shells with two lateral teeth.
P. martensii	Small, somewhat flat, in oblique square. The posterior ear large, while the anterior ear small. Dorsal margin straight, ventral margin rounded	The outer with fine concentric growth lines, forming slices. The inner with strong luster.