Fig. 1.

Effect of ocean acidification and warming on ecosystem processes and functional groups and scope for acclimation. (A–F) Mean effect size and direction of impacts from ocean acidification (OA) (blue) on species tested in multispecies experiments (Com OA) and of impacts from ocean acidification, warming (T) (orange), and their combined effects (OA × T) (red) on species tested in single-species experiments, for primary production (A), secondary production by invertebrates (B), foraging rate (C), metabolic rate (D), calcification rate (E), and DMS production (F). Scope for acclimation (Acclim.) compares short (<1 mo) vs. long (1–13 mo) experiments on the combined effects of warming and acidification. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Numbers between brackets indicate sample size (no. of experiments). *P ≤ 0.05.