Table 1.
Factors associated with non-adherence and incomplete viral suppression among ART clients in Uganda
| Adherence < 90% | HIV-1 viral load > 400 copies/ml | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | (1) Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | (2) Adjusted OR (95% CI) | (3) Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | (4) Adjusted OR (95% CI) | (5) Adjusted OR (95% CI) with adherence |
| Any food insecurity | 1.67 (1.23–2.26)*** | 1.56 (1.10–2.20)* | 1.30 (1.04–1.63)* | 1.52 (1.18–1.96)** | 0.96 (0.68–1.35) |
| Age (per 10 years) | 0.53 (0.44–0.64)*** | 0.59 (0.48–0.73)*** | 0.66 (0.58–0.75)*** | 0.66 (0.58–0.77)*** | 0.63 (0.51–0.79)*** |
| Male (vs female) | 0.67 (0.49–0.90)** | 0.83 (0.57–1.19) | 1.28 (1.05–1.57)* | 1.54 (1.19–1.99)*** | 2.54 (1.77–3.63)*** |
| Less than high school education | 0.96 (0.72–1.29) | 1.28 (1.01–1.61)* | 1.31 (0.99–1.72) | 2.03 (1.30–3.16)** | |
| Employed | 0.58 (0.45–0.76)*** | 0.70 (0.52–0.95)* | 0.93 (0.76–1.15) | ||
| Asset index ╪ (continuous) | 0.92 (0.85–0.99)* | 0.97 (0.89–1.05) | 0.95 (0.90–1.00) | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 1.03 (0.93–1.13) |
| Married | 1.02 (0.79–1.32) | 0.79 (0.65–0.96)* | 0.77 (0.62–0.96)* | 0.58 (0.42–0.81)** | |
| Problem drinking | 2.48 (1.45–4.23)*** | 2.56 (1.41–4.66)** | 3.57(2.48–5.15)*** | 2.51 (1.69–3.72)*** | 1.10 (0.53–2.28) |
| Tobacco use, past 30 days | 1.09 (0.58–2.04) | 1.71 (1.15–2.56)** | 1.07 (0.66–1.73) | 0.88 (0.42–1.88) | |
| Pre-ARV CD4 (per 100 units) | 0.88 (0.76–1.02) | 0.90 (0.78–1.05) | 0.99 (0.90– 1.10) | 0.96 (0.87–1.07) | 0.98 (0.84–1.14) |
| ART naïve at baseline | 1.84 (1.42–2.40)*** | 1.64 (1.23–2.00)*** | 3.51 (2.84–4.35)*** | 3.09 (2.46–3.88)*** | 0.99 (0.73–1.36) |
| Adherence < 90% | 2.08 (1.36–3.20)*** | 2.22 (1.41–3.48)*** | |||
p<0.001
p<0.01
p<0.05
Note: Columns (1) and (3) show results from an unadjusted models of the bivariate association with adherence and incomplete viral suppression, respectively, and each characteristic. Column (2) shows results from a regression model of food insecurity on adherence adjusting for all factors significant at α=0.2 from column (1). Column (4) shows results from a regression model of food insecurity on incomplete viral suppression adjusting for all factors significant at α=0.2 from column (3). Column (5) adds adherence to the model from column (4) to explore its role as a potential mediator of the relationship between food insecurity and incomplete viral suppression.
Asset index created using 25 variables related to assets following the methodology proposed by Filmer and Pritchett [28]. Higher values indicating greater household wealth