Table 1.
Study Characteristics for included studies (n=27)
| Author and year | Country | Participants | Type of study | Design |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Allan et al., 2012 | Scotland | Smokers who dropped out of a smoking cessation program that had a final incentive (n=14) | Qualitative | Unstructured interviews |
| Baer et al., 1989 | USA | Smokers who had not resumed regular smoking 4 weeks post-treatment (n=102) | Quantitative | Prospective, in context cessation intervention, followed up to 1 year post-treatment. |
| Bell et al., 2010 | Canada | Smokers and ex-smokers recruited from newspaper advertisements (n=25) | Qualitative | Open-ended interviews |
| Bennasar Veny et al., 2011 | Spain | Female nurses who had been habitual smokers for at least two years prior to the study (n=15) | Qualitative | Semi-structured interviews |
| Berlin & Covey, 2006 | USA | Smokers recruited for a smoking cessation trial (n=600) | Quantitative | Prospective, in context of cessation intervention, followed through 3 months of treatment and 6 months post-treatment. |
| Betzner et al., 2012 | USA | Smokers and recent quitters who responded to a tobacco cessation program (n=166) | Qualitative | Focus groups and in-depth interviews |
| Bottorff et al., 2013 | Canada | Mother and father dyads who were current and former smokers with a 1 year old child at baseline (n=28) | Qualitative | In-depth interviews when child was 1 year, 20–35 months, and 36–48 months |
| Bush et al., 2003 | England | Purposive sample of Bangladeshi and Pakistani smokers and nonsmokers in Newcastle (n=141) | Qualitative | Semi-structured, in-depth interviews and focus groups |
| Copeland, 2003 | Scotland | Female smokers, General Practitioners, and nursing staff recruited from a general practice (n=41) | Qualitative/Quantitative | Observational cross-sectional quantitative survey and open-ended qualitative questionnaire |
| Farrimond & Joffe, 2006 | UK | Smokers and non-smokers with diverse socioeconomic statuses (n=40) | Qualitative | Conceptual mapping, ‘episodic’ interviews, semi-structured interview |
| Fong et al., 2004 | Australia, Canada, USA and UK | Participants from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Survey (Canada n=2,193; United States n=2,115; United Kingdom n=2,344; Australia n=2,271) | Quantitative | Observational cross-sectional survey |
| Frohlich et al., 2010 | Canada | Current adult smokers recruited with purposive sampling (n=17) | Qualitative | Semi-structured interviews |
| Gibbons et al., 1991 | USA | Adult smokers responding to a smoking cessation program advertisement (n=120) | Quantitative | Prospective, 16 weekly surveys in context of intervention and 6 month post-quit date follow up survey |
| Goldstein, 1991 | Canada | Adult smokers and nonsmokers household level 1989 Winnipeg Area Study (n=521) | Quantitative | Observational cross-sectional survey |
| Greaves et al., 2010 | Canada | New fathers who continued to smoke during partner’s pregnancy and/or post-partum (n=29) | Qualitative | In-depth, semi-structured interviews |
| Grove, 1993 | Australia | Smokers who had ever made a quit attempt (n=155) | Quantitative | Observational cross-sectional survey |
| Holdsworth & Robinson, 2008 | UK | Mothers with at least one smoking parent and a child under 5 (n=17) | Qualitative | Interviews using the Bibliographic Narrative Interpretative Method |
| Kirchner et al., 2012 | USA | Smokers enrolled in a research smoking cessation clinic who had experienced a lapse (n=203) | Quantitative | Prospective, in the context of a cessation intervention, ecological momentary assessments collected during the first 6 weeks of a quit attempt |
| Lee & Paek, 2012 | Korea | Male smokers (n=255) | Quantitative | Quasi-experimental, survey pre and post one of 3 types of anti-smoking message conditions |
| Lee & Paek, 2013 | Korea and USA | University student smokers (n=310) | Quantitative | Quasi-experimental survey pre and post one of 3 types of anti-smoking message conditions |
| Louka et al., 2006 | UK and Greece | Adult smokers (n=21) | Qualitative | Semi-structured interviews and focus groups |
| McCarthy et al., 2010 | USA | Adult daily smokers (n=463) | Quantitative | Prospective, in the context of a cessation intervention, ecological momentary assessments pre- and post-quitting smoking |
| Oliffe et al., 2012 | Canada | New fathers who smoked (n=24) | Qualitative | Four audio-recorded group sessions |
| Ritchie et al., 2010 | Scotland | Adult current smokers and recent ex-smokers (n=40) | Qualitative | Three-wave longitudinal in-depth interviews |
| Scheffels, 2009 | Norway | Established daily smokers sampled for diversity on gender and social class (n=21) | Qualitative | Semi-structured interviews |
| Stuber et al., 2008 | USA | Current and former smokers in New York City (n=816) | Quantitative | Observational cross-sectional survey |
| Stuber & Galea, 2009 | USA | Current New York City smokers (n=835) | Quantitative | Observational cross-sectional survey |
| Supnick & Colletti, 1984 | USA | Individuals who completed a smoking cessation program (n=33) | Quantitative | Prospective, followed up after a cessation intervention monthly through 6 months post-treatment |
| Thompson, et al., 2007 | New Zealand | Smokers (n=17) and ex-smokers (n=9) living in a diverse, socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhood | Qualitative | Semi-structured interviews |
| Van der Heiden et al., 2013 | Netherlands | Lower-educated daily smokers (n=18) | Qualitative | Structured in-depth interviews |