Table 2.

Summary of the stages of the progressive model of self-stigma addressed in the studies.

Author and year	Type of study	Stage 1	Stage 2	Stage 3	Consequences
Author and year	Type of study	Awareness	Agreement	Application	Consequences
Allan et al., 2012	Qualitative	X		X	−; guilt, smoking behavior
Baer et al., 1989	Quantitative				−; guilt, smoking behavior
Bell et al., 2010	Qualitative	X	X	X	+/−; smoking behavior, concealment
Bennasar-Veny et al., 2011	Qualitative	X		X	+/−; smoking behavior, guilt
Berlin & Covey, 2006	Quantitative				n.s.; self-blame
Betzner et al., 2012	Qualitative	X		X	+/−; smoking behavior, self-efficacy
Bottorff et al., 2013	Qualitative	X	X		+/−; guilt
Bush et al., 2003	Qualitative	X
Copeland, 2003	Qualitative/Quantitative	X		X
Farrimond & Joffe, 2006	Qualitative	X	X	X
Fong et al., 2004	Quantitative			X
Frohlich et al., 2010	Qualitative	X		X
Gibbons et al., 1991	Quantitative		X	X	n.s.; smoking behavior
Goldstein, 1991	Quantitative	X	X
Greaves et al., 2010	Qualitative	X	X	X	−; stress, guilt
Grove, 1993	Quantitative				n.s.; self-efficacy
Holdsworth & Robinson, 2008	Qualitative	X	X	X
Kirchner et al., 2012	Qualitative				+; guilt, self-blame
Lee & Paek, 2012	Quantitative				+; guilt
Lee & Paek, 2013	Quantitative			X	+; guilt
Louka et al., 2006	Qualitative	X	X	X	−; guilt, self-efficacy
McCarthy et al., 2010	Quantitative				n.s.; guilt
Oliffe et al., 2012	Qualitative	X		X
Ritchie et al., 2010	Qualitative	X	X	X	−; concealment
Scheffels, 2009	Qualitative	X			−; smoking behavior
Stuber et al., 2008	Quantitative	X
Stuber & Galea, 2009	Quantitative	X			−; concealment
Supnick & Colletti, 1984	Quantitative				+; smoking behavior, guilt
Thompson, et al., 2007	Qualitative	X
Van der Heiden et al., 2013	Qualitative	X	X		+/−; smoking behavior

Note: − = negative consequences, + = positive consequences, +/− = mix of positive and negative consequences, n.s. = non-significant