Table 2.

Application of molecular methods for the detection and identification of L. monocytogenes in various food samples.

Detection method	Gene target	Food matrix	Reference
Simple PCR	hlyA, iap	Naturally contaminated fish samples	Swetha et al., 2012
	hlyA	Naturally contaminated raw meat (chicken, beef, and fish), milk and milk products (raw milk, cheese, and curd)	Khan et al., 2013
	actA	Artificially contaminated milk, pork, and water	Zhou and Jiao, 2005
Multiplex PCR	iap,hly	Artificially contaminated milk	Zeng et al., 2006
	plcA, hlyA, actA, iap	Artificially contaminated milk	Rawool et al., 2007
	16S rRNA, iap	Naturally contaminated deli meat samples: pork and chicken products	Liu et al., 2015
Real-time/quantitative PCR	prfA	Artificially contaminated raw milk, salmon, pâté, and green-veined cheese Naturally contaminated fish, meat, meat products, and dairy products	Rossmanith et al., 2006
	Iap	Artificially contaminated milk	Hein et al., 2001
	Hly	Artificially contaminated pork meat	Gattuso et al., 2014
	16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer regions	Artificially contaminated soft cheese, fermented sausage, cured ham, and ready-to-eat salad Naturally contaminated fresh meat, fresh sausages, fermented sausages, fresh cheeses, and ripened cheeses	Rantsiou et al., 2008
	16S rRNA	Leafy vegetables: collard green, cabbage, lettuce, mixed parsley, chinese cabbage, spring onion bunches, spinach, wild chicory, arugula, and watercress	De Oliveira et al., 2010
	inlA	Artificially contaminated chicken meat	Navas et al., 2006
LAMP	prfA	Artificially contaminated milk	Cho et al., 2014
	hlyA	Artificially contaminated chicken, pork, ground beef, and milk powder	Wan et al., 2012
	iap	Artificially and naturally contaminated raw milk	Wang et al., 2011
NASBA	16S rRNA	Artificially contaminated chicken breast meat, soft cheese, shrimps, dry sausage, minced meat (pork and beef), radish and mushrooms	Uyttendaele et al., 1995
DNA microarray	Genomic DNA of L. monocytogenes	Artificially contaminated milk	Bang et al., 2013
NGS	Whole genome of L. monocytogenes	Deli turkey meat Ready to eat meat Quargel cheese	Orsi et al., 2008 Gilmour et al., 2010 Rychli et al., 2014