Table 2.

Comparisons of clinical and pathological kidney failure etiologies by baseline kidney function classification among incident hemodialysis patients with in-hospital renal replacement therapy initiation.

Clinical and pathological diagnoses of kidney failure by baseline kidney function classification*
		All (n=281)	Acute Kidney Injury (n=42)	Acute on CKD (n=155)	CKD stage 5 (n=56)	Acuity Unknown (n=28)
Acute clinical and pathological etiologies#
Infection/Sepsis		56 (20%)	13 (31%)	39 (25%)	2 (4%)	2 (7%)
Postoperative		33 (12%)	8 (19%)	22 (14%)	3 (4%)	0 (0%)
Glomerulonephritis/Tubulointerstitial nephritis		30 (11%)	7 (17%)	17 (11%)	2 (4%)	4 (14%)
Drugs		16 (6%)	5 (12%)	8 (5%)	2 (4%)	1 (4%)
Other/Unknown		76 (27%)	9 (21%)	48 (31%)	9 (16%)	10 (36%)
None		70 (25%)	0 (0%)	21 (14%)	38 (68%)	11 (39%)
Chronic clinical and pathological etiologies#
Diabetes		77 (27%)	2 (5%)	46 (30%)	23 (41%)	6 (21%)
Hypertension		21 (7%)	0 (0%)	6 (4%)	10 (18%)	5 (18%)
Glomerulonephritis/Tubulointerstitial nephritis		37 (13%)	2 (5%)	22 (14%)	10 (18%)	3 (11%)
Polycystic kidney disease		5 (2%)	0 (0%)	2 (1%)	3 (5%)	0 (0%)
Refractory acute tubular necrosis		5 (2%)	2 (5%)	3 (2%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
Failing kidney transplant		19 (7%)	0 (0%)	16 (10%)	2 (4%)	1 (4%)
Other/Unknown		57 (20%)	3 (7%)	40 (26%)	8 (14%)	6 (21%)
None		60 (21%)	33 (79%)	20 (13%)	0 (0%)	7 (25%)

^*Baseline kidney function classifications include: Acute kidney injury (baseline eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73m²); Acute on chronic kidney disease (baseline eGFR≥15 and <60); Chronic kidney disease stage 5 (baseline eGFR <15); Acuity unknown (baseline eGFR unknown). CKD: chronic kidney disease; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate calculated from the CKD-Epi equation.

^#Patients could have either acute, chronic, or both (acute and chronic) clinical and pathological etiologies for kidney injury.