Table 1.
Characteristics of participants by moderate DR status.
| No or mild DR | Moderate DR | P value* | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 1,004) | (n = 115) | ||
| Age (years) | 59.6 (9.8) | 60.6 (8.2) | 0.29 |
| Women, % | 454 (45.2) | 49 (42.6) | 0.59 |
| Current smokers, % | 131 (13.05) | 9 (7.83) | 0.11 |
| Alcohol drinkers, % | 140 (13.9) | 10 (8.7) | 0.12 |
| Hypertension, % | 686 (68.5) | 92 (80) | 0.01 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 139 (19) | 145 (21) | 0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 78 (10) | 76 (10) | 0.08 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.14 (5.03) | 25.53 (4.39) | 0.001 |
| LDL-cholesterol | 3.07 (0.95) | 3.02 (0.10) | 0.63 |
| HDL-cholesterol | 1.02 (0.29) | 1.07 (0.41) | 0.17 |
| Blood glucose, mmol/L | 9.51 (4.22) | 12.08 (6.29) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 59 | 69 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, (%) | 7.5 (1.5) | 8.5 (2.0) | <0.001 |
| Duration of diabetes, years | 9.5 (8.2) | 17.0 (10.5) | <0.001 |
| eGFRcr (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 87 (18) | 73 (26) | <0.001 |
| eGFRcys (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 82 (22) | 68 (27) | <0.001 |
| ACR (mg/g) | 57.5 (213) | 638.7 (3055) | <0.001 |
DR: diabetic retinopathy; BMI: body mass index; LDL: low density lipoprotein; HDL: high density lipoprotein; eGFRcr: estimated glomerular filtration rate by serum creatinine; eGFRcys: estimated glomerular filtration rate by serum cystatin C; ACR: albumin to creatinine ratio.
Data presented are proportions or means and standard deviation as appropriate for the variable.
∗ P value represents difference in characteristics by moderate DR status by analysis of variance or the chi-square test.