Fig. 3. Real-time PCR analysis of β-1,3-glucanase (A) and pathogenesis-related protein-1a (B) gene expressions in tomato plants treated with water extract from spent mushroom substrate (WESMS). The total RNA was extracted from tomato leaves at 0 and 72 hr after treatment with water and WESMS and subjected to quantitative real-time PCR. Each value is the average of three replications and the bar indicates the standard deviation. Striped and black bars indicate gene expressions of β-1,3-glucanase and pathogenesis-related protein-1a, respectively, treated with WESMS. White bars indicate those treated with water. Asterisks indicate significant differences compared with the results after distilled water (DW) treatment (t-test, p < 0.05).