Table 5. Modulating effect of resilience factors on the relationship between early-life stress and aggression.
| Variables | 1st step | 2nd step | 3rd step | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | t | β | t | β | t | ||
| Demographics | Age | 0.010 | 0.205 | -0.009 | -0.207 | 0.001 | 0.036 |
| Education level | -0.003 | -0.058 | 0.011 | 0.218 | 0.027 | 0.525 | |
| Job | -0.093 | -1.649 | -0.056 | -1.090 | -0.088 | -1.712 | |
| ELS resilience factors | Total ELS score | 0.156 | 3.637† | 0.118 | 1.059 | ||
| Emotion regulation | -0.300 | -5.196† | -0.174 | -2.695† | |||
| Impulse control | -0.109 | -2.075* | -0.142 | -2.133* | |||
| Optimism | -0.178 | -3.235† | -0.203 | -3.006† | |||
| Causal analysis | -0.068 | -1.175 | -0.143 | -2.001* | |||
| Empathy | 0.074 | 1.379 | 0.014 | 0.211 | |||
| Self efficacy | 0.076 | 1.237 | 0.151 | 1.968 | |||
| Reaching out | 0.134 | 2.593* | 0.099 | 1.575 | |||
| ELS × ER | -0.318 | -3.647† | |||||
| ELS × IC | 0.029 | 0.372 | |||||
| ELS × OP | 0.071 | 0.879 | |||||
| ELS × CA | 0.187 | 2.186* | |||||
| ELS × EM | 0.180 | 1.481 | |||||
| ELS × SE | -0.167 | -1.760 | |||||
| ELS × RO | 0.047 | 0.511 | |||||
| Adjusted R2 | 0.03 | 0.202 | 0.233 | ||||
| F | 1.382 | 11.416† | 8.678† | ||||
| ΔR2 | 0.009 | 0.212 | 0.043 | ||||
| ΔF | 1.382 | 15.050 | 3.629 | ||||
*P<0.05; †P<0.01 (two-tailed). ELS, early-life stress; ER, emotion regulation; IC, impulse control; OP, realistic optimism; CA, causal analysis; EM, empathy; SE, self-efficacy; RO, reaching out.