. 2015 Nov 3;6:558. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00558

Table 2.

Epidemiological studies associating antibiotic treatment with subsequent CD diagnosis.

Study	Type	Location	Population size (CD:control or cohort size)	Type of association	Risk [95% CI]
Card et al. (49)	Adult	United Kingdom	587:1460	2–5 years before CD diagnosis	OR 1.32 [1.05, 1.65]
Card et al. (49)	Case–control	United Kingdom	587:1460	2–5 years before CD diagnosis	OR 1.32 [1.05, 1.65]
Margolis et al. (50)	Adult	United Kingdom	94,487	Overall	HR 1.62 [1.04, 2.53]
Margolis et al. (50)	Retrospective cohort	United Kingdom	94,487	Overall	HR 1.62 [1.04, 2.53]
Shaw et al. (48)	Adult	Canada	1025:22,346	2–5 years before CD diagnosis	AOR 1.29 [1.18, 1.40]
Shaw et al. (48)	Case–control	Canada	1025:22,346	2–5 years before CD diagnosis	AOR 1.29 [1.18, 1.40]
Hildebrand et al. (53)	Pediatric	Sweden	1098:6550	Pneumonia <5 years old	OR 3.56 [1.79, 7.08]
Hildebrand et al. (53)	Case–control	Sweden	1098:6550	Pneumonia <5 years old	OR 3.56 [1.79, 7.08]
Hviid et al. (51)	Pediatric	Denmark	577:627	Overall	RR 3.41 [1.45, 8.02]
Hviid et al. (51)	Retrospective cohort	Denmark	577:627	Overall	RR 3.41 [1.45, 8.02]
Virta et al. (52)	Pediatric	Finland	233:2380	2 years before CD diagnosis	AOR 1.87 [1.37, 2.56]
Virta et al. (52)	Case–control	Finland	233:2380	2 years before CD diagnosis	AOR 1.87 [1.37, 2.56]

OR, odds ratio; HR, hazard ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; RR, relative risk.