Table 3.

Cranial and mandibular Procrustes distances between age classes and species

		U. americanus	U. arctos	U. maritimus	U. spelaeus	U. arctos
		adult	adult	adult	adult	juvenile
(a) Procrustes shape variation of the cranium
U. arctos	adult	0.0391 (<.0001)
U. maritimus	adult	0.0528 (<.0001)	0.0597 (<.0001)
U. spelaeus	adult	0.0785 (<.0001)	0.0657 (<.0001)	0.086 (<.0001)
U. arctos	juvenile	0.1068 (<.0001)	0.1051 (<.0001)	0.1328 (<.0001)	0.1451 (<.0001)
U. spelaeus	juvenile	0.0779 (0.0106)	0.0682 (0.0685)	0.1037 (0.0003)	0.0777 (0.009)	0.091 (0.041)
(b) Nonallometric shape variation of the cranium
U. arctos	adult	0.0415 (<.0001)
U. maritimus	adult	0.0494 (<.0001)	0.0597 (<.0001)
U. spelaeus	adult	0.0554 (<.0001)	0.0473 (<.0001)	0.078 (<.0001)
U. arctos	juvenile	0.064 (<.0001)	0.0426 (<.0001)	0.0798(<.0001)	0.0271 (0.0001)
U. spelaeus	juvenile	0.0789 (<.0001)	0.0734 (0.0249)	0.1015 (0.0001)	0.0439 (0.0916)	0.0626 (0.2624)
(a) Procrustes shape variation of the mandible
U. arctos	adult	0.0301 (<.0001)
U. maritimus	adult	0.0461 (<.0001)	0.0411 (<.0001)
U. spelaeus	adult	0.0523 (<.0001)	0.0565 (<.0001)	0.0784 (<.0001)
U. arctos	juvenile	0.1109 (<.0001)	0.1003 (<.0001)	0.1179 (<.0001)	0.1335 (<.0001)
U. spelaeus	juvenile	0.1001 (0.0002)	0.0949 (<.0001)	0.1218 (<.0001)	0.1002 (<.0001)	0.0741 (0.0183)
(b) Nonallometric shape variation of the mandible
U. arctos	adult	0.0417 (<.0001)
U. maritimus	adult	0.0504 (<.0001)	0.0416 (<.0001)
U. spelaeus	adult	0.0517 (<.0001)	0.0442 (<.0001)	0.0733 (<.0001)
U. arctos	juvenile	0.0659 (<.0001)	0.0382 (<.0001)	0.0666 (<.0001)	0.0371 (0.0025)
U. spelaeus	juvenile	0.081 (0.0002)	0.077 (<.0001)	0.1046 (<.0001)	0.0418 (0.1602)	0.0685 (0.0849)

Procrustes distances for non-size corrected and size corrected variation is given. Significance values are given in brackets and significant results are in bold.