Table 2.
Hazard Ratios and 95 % Confidence Intervals of Lung Cancer Stratified by Sex
| Male | Female | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95 % CI) | P value | HR (95 % CI) | P value | ||
| Lung diseases | |||||
| Tuberculosis | 1.35 (1.26–1.44) | < 0.001 | 1.97 (1.73–2.24) | <0.001 | |
| Asthma | 1.36 (1.30–1.41) | < 0.001 | 1.26 (1.18–1.34) | <0.001 | |
| COPD | 1.56 (1.51–1.61) | < 0.001 | 1.33 (1.26–1.41) | <0.001 | |
| Low incomea | 1.14 (1.05–1.23) | 0.001 | 1.36 (1.20–1.54) | < 0.001 | |
| Age group | |||||
| 20–39 | 0.14 (0.13–0.16) | < 0.001 | 0.15 (0.14–0.17) | < 0.001 | |
| 40–49 | Reference | Reference | |||
| 50–59 | 2.80 (2.65–2.96) | < 0.001 | 2.17 (2.03–2.31) | < 0.001 | |
| 60–69 | 7.30 (6.93–7.69) | < 0.001 | 4.35 (4.07–4.65) | < 0.001 | |
| 70–79 | 12.70 (12.08–13.34) | < 0.001 | 6.70 (6.26–7.16) | < 0.001 | |
| ≧80 | 8.91 (8.43–9.43) | < 0.001 | 5.72 (5.30–6.17) | < 0.001 | |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Diabetes | 1.00 (0.96–1.04) | 0.926 | 1.01 (0.96–1.07) | 0.689 | |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1.07 (1.04–1.11) | <0.001 | 1.13 (1.07–1.19) | <0.001 | |
| Chronic kidney disease | 0.90 (0.84–0.97) | 0.004 | 0.87 (0.76–0.99) | 0.035 | |
| Smoking–related cancersb | 1.79 (1.68–1.90) | <0.001 | 2.28 (2.02–2.57) | <0.001 | |
Adjustments were made to estimate HRs for all covariates (lung diseases, low income, age, comorbidities, urbanization and geographic area)
aIncome is lower than the level required for charging premium
bSmoking-related cancers included lip, oral cavity, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus, pancreas, kidney and bladder cancers that were prior to a diagnosis of lung cancer
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HR, hazard ratio