Table 3.
Hazard Ratios and 95 % Confidence Intervals of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Stratified by Sex
| Male | Female | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95 % CI) | P value | HR (95 % CI) | P value | ||
| Lung diseases | |||||
| Tuberculosis | 1.37 (1.21–1.54) | < 0.001 | 2.10 (1.36–3.23) | <0.001 | |
| Asthma | 1.52 (1.42–1.64) | < 0.001 | 1.50 (1.21–1.85) | <0.001 | |
| COPD | 1.66 (1.56–1.76) | < 0.001 | 1.44 (1.19–1.74) | <0.001 | |
| Low incomea | 1.15 (0.99–1.34) | 0.066 | 2.35 (1.66–3.32) | <0.001 | |
| Age group | |||||
| 20–39 | 0.12 (0.09–0.15) | < 0.001 | 0.14 (0.09–0.20) | <0.001 | |
| 40–49 | Reference | Reference | |||
| 50–59 | 3.59 (3.16–4.08) | < 0.001 | 2.05 (1.62–2.59) | <0.001 | |
| 60–69 | 12.38 (10.98–13.95) | < 0.001 | 4.47 (3.54–5.65) | <0.001 | |
| 70–79 | 21.39 (19.03–24.04) | < 0.001 | 6.23 (4.89–7.92) | <0.001 | |
| ≧80 | 13.36 (11.74–15.19) | < 0.001 | 4.66 (3.51–6.19) | <0.001 | |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Diabetes | 1.00 (0.93–1.07) | 0.922 | 1.14 (0.94–1.39) | 0.169 | |
| Hyperlipidemia | 0.98 (0.92–1.06) | 0.668 | 0.97 (0.80–1.17) | 0.717 | |
| Chronic kidney disease | 0.85 (0.73–0.97) | 0.020 | 0.85 (0.53–1.34) | 0.473 | |
| Smoking–related cancersb | 2.58 (2.33–2.86) | < 0.001 | 3.98 (2.84–5.57) | <0.001 | |
Adjustments were made to estimate HRs for all covariates (lung diseases, low income, age, comorbidities, urbanization and geographic area)
aIncome is lower than the level required for charging premium
bSmoking-related cancers included lip, oral cavity, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus, pancreas, kidney and bladder cancers that were prior to a diagnosis of lung cancer
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HR, hazard ratio