Table 2.
Rewarming rates and temperature gradients.*
| First author | Study design | Number | Rewarming rate (° C/min) | Temperature gradient (° C) | Gradient between | Max arterial outlet | Monitoring site driving temperature management |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Croughwell (25) | Prospective observational | 133 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NP |
| Cook (23) | Prospective observational | 10 | .56°C/min observational (estimated))† | 10°C | H/E to blood | NR | NP, venous return |
| Geissler (30) | Animal | 8 | NR | 0°C, 5°C, 10°C, 15°C, 20°C | Venous and arterial blood | NR | Thermodilution catheter placed in superior vena cava, arterial blood outlet (oxygenator) |
| Ginsberg (33) | Prospective, randomized | 101 | 1°C every 3–5 minutes, achieved .2°C± .09°C, .19°C ± .07°C, .18°C ± .07°C | <10°C | H/E to venous | NR | PA catheter thermistor |
| Nathan (34) | Prospective, randomized | 223 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NP |
| Johnson (11) | Prospective, randomized | 80 | NR | NR | NR | 38°C | NP |
| Schmid (35) | 5°C | H/E to venous | |||||
| Lindholm (36) | Prospective, randomized | 30 | NR | 10°C | H/E to venous | 37–39°C | NP cooling, bladder rewarming |
| Ali (37) | Prospective, randomized | 60 | .33°C/min | NR | NR | NR | NR (“CPB temperature” perhaps arterial blood outlet) |
| Kaukuntla (12) | Prospective, randomized | 60 | NR | 10°C | H/E to arterial inlet? | 37.5°C | NP (hypothermic), bladder (normothermic) |
| Nussmeier (8) | Review | NA | .2° C/min | NR | NR | NR | NP, arterial line temperature? |
| Nussmeier (6) | Prospective observational | 12/30 | NR | NR | NR | 37°C | JB, NP, esophageus, bladder, rectum, arterial blood outlet |
| Boodhwani (38) | Prospective, randomized | 267 | N/A | NR | NR | 37.5°C/34.5°C | NP |
| Rasmussen (39) | Prospective, randomized | 30 | NR | 10°C | H/E to venous | NR | NR |
| Hong (40) | Prospective observational | 103 | 1°C every 5 minutes | NR | NR | 37°C | NR |
| Akata (7) | Prospective observational | 20 | NR | Varying, as high as 20–25°C | JB to H/E | 37.5°C | JB cooling, bladder rewarming |
| Boodhwani (41) | Prospective, randomized | 223/267 | NR | NR | NR | 37.5°C/34.5°C | NP |
| Sahu(42) | Prospective, randomized | 80 | NR | 2–4°C | H/E to blood | NR | NP |
| Newland (29) | Prospective observational | 1393 | <l°C/min | NR | NR | 37.5°C/37°C | NP |
*
A description of reported trials (patient and animal) on rates of rewarming and arterial-venous temperature gradients (1992–2013).
†
Calculated, not stated in original publication. H/E, heat exchanger; NR, not reported.