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. 2015 Oct 28;10:1711–1732. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S91997

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Development of the gait variables that showed time × intervention contrasts from pretest to 6-month test.

Notes: (A) Depicts a significant first contrast with unchanged DTC in the two cognitive–physical interventions (DANCE and MEMORY) due to parallel improvements in ST and DT and rising DTC in PHYS due to improvement in ST and no change in DT (P=0.044, one tailed). (B–D) Illustrate significant or trend to significant second contrasts (DANCE versus MEMORY): (B) in favor of DANCE (P=0.007, two tailed) and (C and D) in favor of MEMORY (trend P=0.062, two tailed and trend P=0.062, two tailed, respectively). Performance from 6 months until 1-year follow-up remained unchanged in (A, C, and D; all P>0.10), whereas “step time fast-ST” increased (B; trend P=0.077, two tailed). Error bars indicate ± standard error of the mean.

Abbreviations: DTC, dual-task cost; DANCE, virtual reality video game dancing; MEMORY, treadmill walking with simultaneous verbal memory training; ST, single-task; DT, dual-task; PHYS, treadmill walking.