Table 3.
Gait performance data
| Variable | Condition | DANCE (N = 24, follow-up N =15)
|
MEMORY (N= 22, follow-up N =17)
|
PHYS (N =25, follow-up N =15)
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pretest
|
3-month test
|
6-month test
|
Follow-up
|
Pretest
|
3-month test
|
6-month test
|
Follow-up
|
Pretest
|
3-month test
|
6-month test
|
Follow-up
|
||||||||||||||
| Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | ||
| Velocity (cm/s) | Pref-ST | 123.0 | 5.3 | 127.1 | 4.3 | 133.4 | 5.2 | 130.0 | 8.6 | 109.4 | 3.8 | 122.8 | 5.5 | 126.3 | 5.4 | 127.5 | 5.9 | 115.8 | 5.4 | 128.8 | 5.3 | 131.1 | 4.7 | 127.5 | 7.5 |
| Pref-DT | 113.8 | 6.0 | 123.0 | 5.5 | 124.7 | 7.0 | 129.1 | 8.3 | 102.1 | 5.9 | 107.6 | 6.9 | 117.0 | 6.0 | 126.3 | 6.6 | 100.4 | 5.6 | 110.3 | 6.1 | 115.3 | 6.1 | 117.1 | 9.1 | |
| Pref-DTC | −8% | 3% | −4% | 2% | −7% | 3% | 0% | 3% | −6% | 5% | −13% | 4% | −7% | 2% | −1% | 3% | −13% | 3% | −14% | 3% | −12% | 3% | −8% | 4% | |
| Fast-ST | 157.3 | 7.2 | 168.7 | 6.7 | 179.0 | 7.1 | 161.3 | 10.7 | 156.3 | 5.1 | 167.7 | 7.3 | 168.8 | 6.8 | 166.7 | 8.4 | 151.9 | 5.5 | 162.7 | 6.9 | 169.5 | 6.1 | 167.1 | 9.5 | |
| Fast-DT | 130.5 | 5.9 | 137.6 | 8.6 | 144.8 | 7.2 | 143.3 | 10.7 | 125.5 | 6.0 | 128.7 | 6.9 | 139.9 | 6.7 | 143.1 | 7.7 | 115.6 | 6.3 | 122.9 | 6.1 | 134.2 | 5.5 | 135.0 | 8.9 | |
| Fast-DTC | −16% | 2% | −20% | 4% | −19% | 2% | −11% | 2% | −20% | 3% | −23% | 3% | −17% | 2% | −14% | 2% | −24% | 3% | −24% | 2% | −20% | 2% | −18% | 5% | |
| Step length (cm) | Pref-ST | 65.3 | 2.1 | 66.3 | 1.8 | 67.4 | 1.9 | 65.8 | 3.1 | 62.0 | 1.8 | 64.9 | 2.4 | 66.2 | 2.3 | 66.4 | 2.7 | 62.1 | 1.9 | 66.2 | 1.7 | 66.0 | 1.6 | 66.7 | 2.3 |
| Pref-DT | 63.5 | 1.8 | 64.9 | 1.9 | 65.8 | 2.0 | 65.4 | 2.8 | 60.5 | 2.4 | 60.9 | 2.8 | 64.7 | 2.6 | 66.2 | 2.7 | 59.2 | 1.9 | 63.4 | 2.0 | 64.5 | 2.0 | 65.8 | 2.9 | |
| Pref-DTC | −2% | 2% | −2% | 1% | −2% | 1% | 0% | 2% | −3% | 2% | −6% | 2% | −2% | 1% | 0% | 2% | −5% | 1% | −4% | 2% | −2% | 1% | −2% | 2% | |
| Fast-ST | 72.5 | 2.7 | 74.3 | 2.4 | 74.8 | 2.2 | 70.6 | 3.6 | 71.9 | 2.3 | 73.4 | 2.7 | 75.0 | 2.7 | 73.6 | 2.8 | 69.2 | 1.9 | 71.9 | 2.2 | 73.0 | 2.2 | 73.4 | 2.7 | |
| Fast-DT | 67.2 | 2.1 | 69.2 | 2.2 | 69.9 | 2.3 | 68.0 | 3.3 | 67.1 | 2.4 | 66.6 | 2.8 | 69.9 | 2.7 | 69.9 | 2.9 | 63.7 | 1.9 | 66.0 | 2.1 | 68.5 | 1.9 | 70.2 | 2.6 | |
| Fast-DTC | −7% | 1% | −7% | 1% | −7% | 1% | −3% | 1% | −7% | 2% | −9% | 2% | −7% | 2% | −5% | 1% | −8% | 1% | −8% | 1% | −6% | 1% | −4% | 3% | |
| Step length variability (cm) | Pref-ST | 3.0 | 0.2 | 2.7 | 0.2 | 2.2 | 0.2 | 2.5 | 0.2 | 3.3 | 0.3 | 2.6 | 0.2 | 2.4 | 0.1 | 2.5 | 0.2 | 3.0 | 0.2 | 2.2 | 0.1 | 2.4 | 0.2 | 2.7 | 0.3 |
| Pref-DT | 3.4 | 0.2 | 3.1 | 0.2 | 3.2 | 0.3 | 2.9 | 0.1 | 4.2 | 0.5 | 3.5 | 0.4 | 3.1 | 0.2 | 3.3 | 0.5 | 3.3 | 0.3 | 3.2 | 0.3 | 2.7 | 0.2 | 2.8 | 0.3 | |
| Pref-DTC | 27% | 11% | 24% | 14% | 57% | 15% | 35% | 16% | 44% | 23% | 40% | 14% | 35% | 9% | 41% | 18% | 17% | 11% | 51% | 14% | 36% | 16% | 16% | 15% | |
| Fast-ST | 3.2 | 0.2 | 2.5 | 0.2 | 2.8 | 0.2 | 2.5 | 0.3 | 3.2 | 0.3 | 2.6 | 0.2 | 2.8 | 0.2 | 2.6 | 0.2 | 2.8 | 0.2 | 2.5 | 0.2 | 2.7 | 0.2 | 2.6 | 0.3 | |
| Fast-DT | 3.2 | 0.2 | 3.5 | 0.3 | 3.4 | 0.3 | 3.2 | 0.2 | 3.9 | 0.4 | 3.3 | 0.3 | 3.5 | 0.3 | 3.3 | 0.3 | 3.8 | 0.2 | 3.1 | 0.2 | 3.4 | 0.3 | 3.1 | 0.4 | |
| Fast-DTC | 12% | 9% | 64% | 22% | 30% | 13% | 44% | 15% | 33% | 13% | 34% | 11% | 31% | 14% | 28% | 10% | 52% | 12% | 44% | 14% | 38% | 16% | 34% | 18% | |
| Step time (s) | Pref-ST | 0.53 | 0.01 | 0.52 | 0.01 | 0.51 | 0.01 | 0.51 | 0.01 | 0.57 | 0.01 | 0.54 | 0.01 | 0.54 | 0.01 | 0.53 | 0.01 | 0.56 | 0.02 | 0.54 | 0.02 | 0.51 | 0.01 | 0.54 | 0.02 |
| Pref-DT | 0.58 | 0.03 | 0.54 | 0.01 | 0.57 | 0.04 | 0.52 | 0.02 | 0.62 | 0.02 | 0.60 | 0.03 | 0.57 | 0.01 | 0.53 | 0.01 | 0.62 | 0.03 | 0.60 | 0.03 | 0.58 | 0.02 | 0.58 | 0.03 | |
| Pref-DTC | 7% | 4% | 3% | 2% | 10% | 6% | 0% | 2% | 8% | 4% | 10% | 3% | 6% | 2% | 1% | 2% | 12% | 4% | 13% | 4% | 14% | 4% | 8% | 4% | |
| Fast-ST | 0.46 | 0.01 | 0.45 | 0.01 | 0.42 | 0.01 | 0.44 | 0.01 | 0.47 | 0.01 | 0.45 | 0.01 | 0.45 | 0.01 | 0.44 | 0.01 | 0.46 | 0.01 | 0.45 | 0.01 | 0.44 | 0.01 | 0.45 | 0.01 | |
| Fast-DT | 0.52 | 0.02 | 0.49 | 0.02 | 0.49 | 0.02 | 0.48 | 0.02 | 0.54 | 0.01 | 0.53 | 0.02 | 0.51 | 0.01 | 0.49 | 0.01 | 0.55 | 0.01 | 0.55 | 0.02 | 0.52 | 0.01 | 0.55 | 0.02 | |
| Fast-DTC | 13% | 2% | 11% | 2% | 17% | 3% | 8% | 2% | 17% | 4% | 20% | 3% | 14% | 2% | 12% | 2% | 19% | 3% | 23% | 4% | 19% | 3% | 21% | 5% | |
| Step time variability (s) | Pref-ST | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.01 |
| Pref-DT | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.01 | |
| Pref-DTC | 52% | 19% | 64% | 25% | 113% | 39% | 48% | 21% | 88% | 28% | 92% | 25% | 64% | 25% | 38% | 20% | 78% | 27% | 138% | 38% | 145% | 46% | 169% | 71% | |
| Fast-ST | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.01 | |
| Fast-DT | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.01 | |
| Fast-DTC | 34% | 15% | 90% | 17% | 70% | 19% | 153% | 61% | 119% | 42% | 121% | 39% | 83% | 29% | 30% | 29% | 42% | 11% | 139% | 45% | 117% | 31% | 98% | 57% | |
Abbreviations: DANCE, virtual reality video game dancing; DT, dual-task; DTC, dual-task cost; fast, fast walking speed; MEMORY, treadmill walking with simultaneous verbal memory training; PHYS, treadmill walking; pref, preferred walking speed; SE, ± standard error; ST, single-task.