Table 1.
Clinical and demographic characteristic of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis by treatment outcome in Kerala, India, 2009–2010
| Variable | Treatment Outcome
|
Total (N = 179) | HR | (95% CI) | Adjusted HR | (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unsuccessful*
|
Successful†
|
||||||||
| n | (%) | n | (%) | ||||||
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male | 59 | (42.4) | 80 | (57.6) | 139 | 0.9 | (0.6–1.4) | — | — |
| Female | 8 | (20.0) | 32 | (80.0) | 40 | Referent | — | — | |
| Age, yr | |||||||||
| 15–24 | 3 | (23.1) | 10 | (76.9) | 13 | 1.0 | (0.5–1.9) | — | — |
| 25–44 | 26 | (34.7) | 49 | (65.3) | 75 | Referent | — | — | |
| >44 | 38 | (41.8) | 53 | (58.2) | 91 | 1.0 | (0.7–1.5) | — | — |
| Living below poverty line (<United States $1.25 per day) | |||||||||
| Yes | 45 | (36.6) | 78 | (63.4) | 123 | 1.1 | (0.7–1.7) | — | — |
| No | 22 | (39.3) | 34 | (60.7) | 56 | Referent | — | — | |
| Self-reported alcohol consumption before treatment | |||||||||
| Yes | 32 | (53.3) | 28 | (46.7) | 60 | 0.9 | (0.6–1.5) | — | — |
| No | 31 | (27.2) | 83 | (72.8) | 114 | Referent | — | — | |
| Self-reported alcohol consumption during multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment | |||||||||
| Yes | 14 | (87.5) | 2 | (12.5) | 16 | 4.9 | (1.2–20.3) | 4.3 | (1.1–17.6) |
| No | 49 | (30.8) | 110 | (69.2) | 159 | Referent | — | — | |
| Self-reported tobacco smoker before treatment | |||||||||
| Yes | 32 | (45.1) | 39 | (54.9) | 71 | 0.9 | (0.6–1.4) | 0.6 | (0.2–1.7) |
| No | 31 | (30.4) | 71 | (69.6) | 102 | Referent | — | — | |
| Self-reported tobacco smoker during multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment | |||||||||
| Yes | 16 | (64.0) | 9 | (36.0) | 25 | 1.7 | (0.9–3.5) | 1.2 | (0.3–5.0) |
| No | 47 | (31.3) | 103 | (68.7) | 150 | Referent | — | — | |
| HIV seropositive | |||||||||
| Yes | 1 | (100) | 0 | 1 | 20.3 | (0.0–∞) | — | — | |
| No | 66 | (37.1) | 112 | (62.9) | 178 | Referent | — | — | |
| Diabetes mellitus | |||||||||
| Yes | 20 | (33.3) | 40 | (66.7) | 60 | 0.9 | (0.6–1.5) | — | — |
| No | 47 | (39.5) | 72 | (60.5) | 119 | Referent | — | — | |
| Cavitary chest radiograph | |||||||||
| Yes | 34 | (36.2) | 60 | (63.8) | 94 | 0.7 | (0.3–1.9) | — | — |
| No | 30 | (36.6) | 52 | (63.4) | 82 | Referent | — | — | |
| Number of previous tuberculosis episodes | |||||||||
| 1–2 | 24 | (39.3) | 37 | (60.7) | 61 | 0.9 | (0.6–1.5) | — | — |
| ≥3 | 43 | (36.4) | 75 | (63.6) | 118 | Referent | — | — | |
| At least one adverse drug-related event during treatment‡ | |||||||||
| Yes | 20 | (28.6) | 50 | (60.2) | 70 | 1.0 | (0.7–1.5) | — | — |
| No | 46 | (42.6) | 62 | (57.4) | 108 | Referent | — | — | |
| Hospitalization required during treatment§,‖ | |||||||||
| Yes | 34 | (60.7) | 22 | (39.3) | 56 | 1.7 | (1.1–2.7) | 1.5 | (1.0–2.5) |
| No | 33 | (26.8) | 90 | (56.6) | 123 | Referent | — | — | |
Definition of abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratio.
Boldface indicates statistically significant at α = 0.05.
Includes treatment failure, default, death, adverse drug reactions, and development of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment.
Includes cured and treatment completed.
Adverse drug reactions include gastrointestinal, neuropathy, ototoxicity, psychosis, renal insufficiency, seizures, suicidal ideation.
Does not include 7 days of initial admission period of treatment.
Excluded one patient who was defined as unsuccessful because of stopping treatment due to adverse drug-related event (i.e., risk factor and outcome are the same).