Table 2.

Summary of video coding of NIOSH recommended interventions observed or not observed in use during high/moderate risk sheet metal tasks.

Activities	Tasks a	Physical Exposures b	Recommended Interventions	Intervention observed (+=yes; −=no)
Pack: Move material/ equipment to and within jobsite	Carry materials to work location and move equipment	Manually lift and carry heavy objects without any assistive devicec	Use mechanical material handling equipmentc Electrical chain fall or tugger to lift large ductc Use fabricated handles, magnets, or suction cupsc Use levers to assist movingc Co-worker assist with lift/carryc	+ − − − +
Support System: Install duct hangers	Drill holes and assemble system	Drill holes with drill with excessive vibration and rotational forcec	Use low vibration toolsc Use a side arm on a rotary hammerc Use beam clamps or caddy clipsc	− − +
		Work on floor (drill into floor/deck, any work on floor)c	Use knee padsc Anti-fatigue matsc Work from elevated surfaced	− − +
	Screw/shoot into ceiling	Operate powder actuated tool or rotary hammerc	Embed concrete insertsc Use tool stand or inverse drill pressc Use tool counterweightc Use low-vibration toolsc	+ − − +
		Use hammer/wrench to set threaded rodc	Embed concrete insertsc Use electric or pneumatic drill to set nut and wedge anchorc Use ratchet wrench with open socket to set nut and wedge anchorc	+ + +
		Use tools with arms overheadc	Use extension pole and remote triggeringc Use drill bit extenderc Work on powered lift or scaffoldc Correct placement of ladder and liftc Predrill holes on duct before liftingd Place anchor on duct before liftingd	− − + + + +
Prep: Assemble duct pieces in field	Assemble duct sections	Work with duct on floorc, d	Work from elevated surfacec, d Preassembly of ductd Use drill bit extensiond	+ + +
		Work on floor without knee padsd	Use knee padsd Anti-fatigue matsd	− −
		Intensive use of manual hand toolsd	Use power tools when possibled	−
	Cut and trim duct joints	Use manual tin snipsc	Use electric snipsc Drill adapter to cut circlesc	+ −
		Use manual crimperd	Use power crimperd	−
		Work on floor without knee padsc	Use knee padsc Anti-fatigue matsc Work from elevated surfacec	− − −
		Use power tools with excessive vibrationc	Use low-vibration toolsc Anti-vibration wraps on tool handlec	− −
		Use heavy power toolsc	Use tube cutter for small bore stainless steelc Use tools of appropriate weightc	− −
		Intensive use of manual hand toolsd	Crank device to prepare drives in fieldd	+
Install: Install ductwork/ equipment	Carry materials to work location	Manually lift and carry heavy objects without any assistive devicec	Use mechanical material handling equipmentc Electrical chain fall or tugger to lift large ductc Use fabricated handles, magnets, or suction cupsc Use jig attached to lift for spiral duct (within manufacturer weight restrictions)c Use levers to assist movingc Co-worker assist with lift/carryc	+ − − − − −
	Connect ductwork to hanger/ ceiling	Work overheadc	Work on powered work platform or ladder platformc Use screwgun extensiond	+ +
		Intensive use of manual hand toolsc	Use power tools when possiblec If screwing/bolting, use cordless screwdrivers that bend in centerc T-bar tool to remove drive between ductd	+ − +
		Manually position and hold system componentsc	Use fixtures to hold and position work materialsc Use magnets or suction cups with handles to position ductc Use clamp to hold metal band around ductd Use mechanical material handling equipmentd	+ − + +
		Confined or cramped work spacesc	Use one-person liftc Use baker scaffold (lower ceiling heights)c	− −

^aEliminated Tasks if there was no video available: Carry materials to work location (Support system and Prep), Weld (Prep).

^bRestricted the NIOSH problems that could be observed related to postures/force but did not include problems related to work organization (pace of work, schedule of workers, rest breaks, task coordination with other trades, proper tool availability, planning and communication, job rotation, worker training, preventive maintenance on tools, shop work) and type of power tool used to determine vibration level.

^cSource document based on NIOSH proceedings from 2006 and the publication by Albers et al., 2005.

^dSource = Researcher addition.