Table 1.
Demographic, basic physical characteristics, and blood glucose, lipid, and cytokine levels of 148 study participants according to the BP categories.
| Variable | Prehypertension (N= 64, 43%) |
Normal BP (N= 84, 57%) |
t/ χ2 | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 44.0 ± 11.9 | 36.1 ± 11.8 | 4.2 | <0.001 |
| Gender (men/women) | 42/22 | 31/53 | 12.02 | 0.001 |
| Race (white/others) | 34/30 | 47/37 | 6.82 | 0.34 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 135.7 ± 4.5 | 108.2 ± 7.7 | 27.2 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 79.8 ± 7.5 | 66.5 ± 6.9† | 11.2 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 31.7 ± 5.8 | 29.8 ± 7.0 | 5.1 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 105.2 ± 14.9 | 89.2 ± 15.6 | 6.1 | <0.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 88.4 ± 15.5 | 78.5 ± 16.8 | 3.4 | 0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 147.6 ± 149.3 | 91.0 ± 46.0 | 4.1 | <0.001 |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 197.4 ± 40.3 | 180.0 ± 30.7 | 2.7 | <0.01 |
| HDL | 53.2 ± 17.2 | 59.1 ± 17.0 | 2.3 | <0.05 |
| LDL | 115.7 ± 32.9 | 102.5 ± 29.6 | 2.4 | <0.05 |
| BDI Total score | 6.08 ± 5.85 | 5.42 ± 6.63 | −0.6 | 0.53 |
| Somatic | 2.81 ± 2.48 | 2.73 ± 3.39 | −0.2 | 0.88 |
| Cognitive/affective | 3.27 ± 3.79 | 2.69 ± 3.67 | −0.9 | 0.35 |
| Plasma TNF (pg/ml)# | 7.0 ± 4.4 | 5.0 ± 2.9 | 1.1 | <0.05 |
| Plasma IL-6 (pg/ml)# | 1.1 ± 0.8 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.81 |
| Plasma IL-1β (pg/ml)# | 0.4 ± 0.6 | 0.6 ± 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.37 |
Values are presented as mean ± SD; F/ χ2 and p-values are derived from ANOVA or non-parametric χ2 test;
Denotes non-parametric χ2 test; BP, blood pressure;
plasma levels of cytokines were assessed in a subgroup of the participants (n= 28 (52%) and 39 (53%) for the prehypertension and normal BP groups, respectively) mainly for an exploratory comparison of overall systemic inflammatory states. Although descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) are based on raw values, statistical tests were done on transformed values for the variables that were not normally distributed (see Statistical analysis).