Table 1.
T-score means, standard deviations, Cohen's d, and results for the generalized estimating equation using risk factors at age 17 and gender to predict the odds of developing AUD by age 29.
| Gender Difference | AUD Status by Age 29 | Risk Effect at age 17 | Gender Effect (men vs. women) | Risk x Gender | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
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| Predictors at 17 | Overall | da | Control | AUD | db | β (SE) | OR | 95% CI | β (SE) | p-value |
| Alcohol Use | ||||||||||
| Total | 50.0 (10.0) | 46.4 (6.2) | 56.1 (12.0) | 1.02 | ||||||
| Women | 48.6 (7.9) | 46.4 (5.6) | 55.1 (9.9) | 1.09 | 1.46 (0.15) | 4.31** | 3.20–5.80 | |||
| Men | 52.3 (12.0) | 0.36 | 46.3 (7.2) | 56.5 (12.9) | 0.98 | 1.02 (0.12) | 2 79** | 2.19–3.54 | 1.78 (0.16)** | 0.025† |
| Other Drug Use | ||||||||||
| Total | 50.0 (10.0) | 47.6 (6.3) | 53.5 (13.0) | 0.58 | ||||||
| Women | 50.1 (9.8) | 47.7 (5.7) | 56.9 (14.9) | 0.82 | 0.95 (0.12) | 2.59** | 2.02–3.32 | |||
| Men | 50.0 (10.3) | −0.01 | 47.4 (7.3) | 51.9 (11.6) | 0.46 | 0.57 (0.13) | 1.78** | 1.36–2.32 | 1.51 (0.15)** | 0.043† |
| Externalizing | ||||||||||
| Total | 50.0 (10.0) | 47.2 (7.3) | 54.7 (11.7) | 0.77 | ||||||
| Women | 48.0 (9.1) | 46.1 (7.0) | 53.5 (12.0) | 0.76 | 0.90 (0.12) | 2.46** | 1.95–3.10 | |||
| Men | 52.8 (10.5) | 0.49** | 49.3 (7.6) | 55.2 (11.6) | 0.61 | 0.63 (0.11) | 1.89** | 1.51–2.35 | 1.56 (0.15)** | 0.112 |
| Internalizing | ||||||||||
| Total | 50.0 (10.0) | 48.8 (9.3) | 51.5 (10.2) | 0.28 | ||||||
| Women | 50.0 (11.1) | 48.9 (10.0) | 54.7 (13.1) | 0.51 | 0.43 (0.08) | 1.55** | 1.30–1.85 | |||
| Men | 49.5 (8.0) | 0.09 | 48.7 (7.7) | 50.0 (8.1) | 0.16 | 0.20 (0.12) | 1.23 | 0.96–1.57 | 1.45 (0.15)** | 0.129 |
| Deviant Peers | ||||||||||
| Total | 50.0 (10.0) | 48.1 (8.5) | 52.5 (11.0) | 0.45 | ||||||
| Women | 49.8 (9.3) | 48.2 (8.4) | 54.8 (10.2) | 0.71 | 0.74 (0.12) | 2.11** | 1.65–2.69 | |||
| Men | 50.0 (10.4) | 0.02 | 48.0 (8.7) | 51.5 (11.2) | 0.35 | 0.34 (0.10) | 1.41* | 1.14–1.73 | 1.55 (0.16)** | 0.014† |
| Family Adversity | ||||||||||
| Total | 50.0 (10.0) | 48.6 (9.6) | 51.6 (9.9) | 0.32 | ||||||
| Women | 50.0 (11.0) | 48.8 (10.6) | 53.3 (11.6) | 0.40 | 0.37 (0.09) | 1.46** | 1.21–1.76 | |||
| Men | 49.7 (8.4) | −0.02 | 48.1 (7.4) | 50.9 (8.9) | 0.35 | 0.44 (0.12) | 1.56* | 1.21–2.01 | 1.45 (0.15)** | 0.687 |
| Academic Problems | ||||||||||
| Total | 50.0 (10.0) | 47.8 (9.0) | 52.9 (10.5) | 0.53 | ||||||
| Women | 48.6 (9.7) | 46.8 (8.9) | 53.6 (10.1) | 0.71 | 0.71 (0.10) | 2.03** | 1.65–2.52 | |||
| Men | 51.4 (10.0) | 0.28 | 49.6 (8.8) | 52.6 (10.7) | 0.30 | 0.30 (0.10) | 1.35* | 1.11–1.65 | 1.47 (0.15)** | 0.006* |
p < 0.001,
p < 0.01,
p < 0.05,
T-score means arranged by gender and AUD status (Women: n=155 AUD, 449 control; Men: n=316 AUD, 226 non-AUD) reflect mean-level of risk exposure for each group at age 17. Cohen's d effect sizes estimate the magnitude of the difference in the average level of risk between males and females overall (i.e., all Men vs. all Women; da). and the change in risk exposure coinciding with AUD in each gender (e.g., Control Women vs. AUD Women; db). The Risk Effect for each gender estimates the increased odds of developing AUD by age 29 as a result of a 1 SD increase in risk exposure for a person of that gender (i.e., potency of the risk). The Gender Effect estimates the increase in odds of developing AUD by age 29 in men compared to women given an average level of risk exposure within each gender. Positive β-value denotes higher odds in men compared to women. The Risk x Gender interaction effect tested if gender moderated the relationship between the risk factor and the AUD outcome.