Table 3.

Human mucosal tissue models

Pros	Cons
Immune cells in appropriate ratios.	Lack immune cell recruitment/migration.
Infected with HIV and other pathogens.	Lack microbiome.
Responsive to exogenous hormones.	Loss of tissue architecture over time.
Biopsy tissue collected from younger, healthy population during scheduled clinic times.	Surgical resections collected from older population, with clinical reason for surgery.
Establish pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships.	Surgically resected tissue collection is opportunistic; restricted on the location of tissue.
Utilize mucosal secretions to deliver HIV to tissue.
Evaluates human drug dosing for potential product efficacy (ex vivo challenge assay).