Table 1.
Demographics.
| Demographics | TBI-plus-depressive symptomsa | TBI-onlyb | Stat | DF | p-valuec | CI | ES |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of participants | 31 | 23 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Age (years)d | 38.8 ± 11.2 | 39.0 ± 11.7 | −0.1 | 46.3 | 0.96 | (−6.5, 6.2) | −0.01 |
| Education (years)d | 15.9 ± 2.9 | 15.7 ± 1.8 | 0.3 | 51.1 | 0.77 | (−1.1, 1.5) | 0.08 |
| Gender (males, females) | 19, 12 | 14, 9 | 1.0 | – | 1.00 | (0.3, 3.0) | 0.98 |
| Civilians, veterans | 19, 12 | 16, 7 | 1.4 | – | 0.58 | (0.5, 4.5) | 1.44 |
| Post-injury time (years)d | 8.9 ± 10.0 | 7.6 ± 6.3 | 883 | – | 0.74 | (−3.4, 2.3) | 0.05 |
| Estimated injury severity (mild, moderate, severe)e | 21, 4, 6 | 17, 3, 3 | 0.4 | 2 | 0.82 | – | 0.08 |
| Primary cause of injury (blast, blunt force trauma, fall, athletic impacts, vehicle accidents, combined) | 3, 4, 6, 3, 8, 7 | 2, 4, 2, 3, 5, 7 | 1.7 | 5 | 0.88 | – | 0.18 |
| Estimated LOC (<30 min, <1 day, >1 day) | 21, 4, 6 | 17, 3, 3 | 0.4 | 2 | 0.82 | – | 0.08 |
| PCL-Sd | 50.1 ± 15.4 | 31.7 ± 12.5 | 5.0 | 51.5 | <10−5 | (11.6, 26.9) | 1.33 |
| BDI-II totald | 22.4 ± 6.4 | 7.3 ± 4.1 | – | – | – | – | – |
| BDI-II Buckley cognitived | 8.3 ± 3.5 | 1.6 ± 1.6 | 9.4 | 44.4 | <10−11 | (5.2, 8.1) | 2.30 |
| BDI-II Buckley affectived | 4.7 ± 2.2 | 1.9 ± 1.6 | 5.5 | 52.0 | <10−5 | (1.8, 3.9) | 1.42 |
| BDI-II Buckley somaticd | 9.4 ± 3.8 | 3.7 ± 2.4 | 6.7 | 51.2 | <10−7 | (4.0, 7.4) | 1.72 |
| Motion-censored volumes (%)d | 16.6 ± 13.5 | 12.0 ± 8.5 | 911 | – | 0.31 | (−2.5, 7.7) | −0.14 |
| FD after censoring and trimming (mm)d | 0.17 ± 0.05 | 0.15 ± 0.04 | 1.6 | 49.1 | 0.11 | (<−0.1, <0.1) | 0.43 |
LOC, loss of consciousness; PCL-S, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Check List Stressor-specific; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory-II; FD, framewise displacement; Stat, statistical value; DF, degrees of freedom; CI, confidence interval; ES, effect size.
aBDI-II of 14–63.
bBDI-II of 0–13.
cBold face indicates p < 0.05.
dMean and SD values were reported.
eBased on the OSU TBI screening form (71).