Table 2.
Signaling pathways for modulation of apoptotic regulators in cancer
| Pathway | Observation in experimental models | Ref. |
| PI3K/Akt | Increase of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL and survivin expression in colon cancer cell lines (SW480, SW620, HCT116, and HT29) | [74,75] |
| Inactivation of BAD by phosphorylation in colon cancer cell lines (HT29 and H508) | [76,77] | |
| Decreased expression of Bim and inactivation of Bax in colon cancer cell lines (HCT116 and DLD1), and increase of tumor growth in xenograft models | [78] | |
| MEK/ERK | Phosphorylation and stabilization of Bcl-2 in colon cancer cell lines (HCT116 and HT29) for increase of anoikis, and promotion of metastasis in xenograft models | [80] |
| Decreased expression of Bim and inactivation of Bax in colon cancer cell lines (HCT116 and DLD1), and increase of tumor growth in xenograft models | [78] | |
| Suppression of PUMA expression and activity in colon cancer cell lines (Lovo and SW1116) | [73] | |
| Dowregulation of XAF1 and upregulation of XIAP in colon cancer cell lines (HCT116, Lovo, DLD1, and SW1116) | [82] | |
| IKK/IκB/NFκB | Induction of cIAP-2 expression in colon cancer cell lines (Caco-2, HCT116, KM20, and KM12C) | [91] |
| Increase of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, and cFLIP in colon cancer cell lines (COLO205 and HCT116) | [92] | |
| HIF | Binding to hypoxia-responsive element of the Bid promoter in colon cancer cells (SW480) for Bid downregulation | [94] |
| Binding to hypoxia-responsive element of the survivin promoter in breast cancer cells (MCF-7) for survivin upregulation | [93] |
PI3K: Phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase; MEK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; NFκB: Nuclear factor kappa B; IκB: Inhibitor of NFκB; IKK: IκB kinase; HIF: Hypoxia-inducible factor.