Table 2.
Nomograms predicting stage IV colorectal cancer oncological prognosis
| Ref. | Year | Targeted cancer | Treatment | Predicted outcome | Number of patients | C-index | Validation | Calibration | Variables |
| Beppu et al[18] | 2012 | Liver metastasis | Hepatic resection | DFS | 727 | Not assessed | Validated by Okuno et al[26] | Absent | Metachronous or synchronous, pN, No. of tumors, largest tumor diameter, extrahepatic metastasis, CA19-9 |
| Kanemitsu et al[19] | 2008 | Liver metastasis | Hepatic resection | OS, CSS | 578 | 0.66-0.68 | Validated by Takakura et al[27] | Present | Histology, No. of lymph node metastases, No. of tumors, extrahepatic metastasis, metastasis of hilar lymph nodes, surgical margin, CEA |
| Kattan et al[20] | 2008 | Liver metastasis | Hepatic resection | CSS | 1477 | 0.61 | Validated by Takakura et al[27], Reddy et al[28], and Nathan et al[29] | Present | Gender, age, primary site, disease-free interval, CEA, No. of tumors, largest tumor diameter, bilateral resection, > 1 lobe, pN |
| Kanemitsu et al[21] | 2004 | Lung metastasis | Thoracotomy | OS | 313 | 0.66-0.72 | Validated by Kanemitsu et al[30] | Present | Histology, No. of tumors, hilar/mediastinal lymph nodes, extrathoracic metastasis, CEA |
| Elias et al[22] | 2014 | Liver and/or Peritoneal metastasis | Optimal surgery plus chemotherapy | OS | 287 | 0.61 | Absent | Present | No. of lymph node metastases, peritoneal carcinomatosis index, planified procedure |
| Kawai et al[23] | 2015 | Metastatic CRC | Curative resection | DFS, OS | 1133 | 0.60-0.64 | Present | Present | Postoperative CEA, pT, pN, No. of metastatic organs, peritoneal dissemination |
| Manceau et al[24] | 2014 | Metastatic CRC, KRAS-wild-type, refractory to chemotherapy | Anti-EGFR antibodies | Risk of progression | 132 | > 0.7 | Present | Absent | MicroRNA expression and BRAF mutations |
| Massacesi et al[25] | 2000 | Locally advanced or metastatic CRC | Chemotherapy | OS | 1057 | Not assessed | Absent | Absent | Response to chemotherapy, No. of metastatic sites, CEA, performance status |
DFS: Disease-free survival; OS: Overall survival; CSS: Cancer-specific survival; CRC: Colorectal cancer; C-index: Concordance index; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; KRAS: Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog; EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; BRAF: B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase.