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. 2015 Nov 4;5:77. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00077

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Copyright © 2015 Li, Xie and Lu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Alteration of TGF-β signaling in the pathogenesis of H. pylori infection. Chronic infection with H. pylori significantly increases the expression of TGF-β1, leading to gastritis and gastric carcinoma. Genes downstream of TGF-β signaling are upregulated in carcinogenesis due to H. pylori. In addition, genetic polymorphisms of TGF-β1 are associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer. Conversely, acute H. pylori infection, causing peptic ulcer diseases, triggers reduced expression of TGF-β1, and TGF-β RI and RII.