Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of cohort (n=94,162 observations)
| Variable | N (%) |
|---|---|
| Contraceptive method | |
| Implant | 6,232 (6.6%) |
| Etonogestrel implants (e.g. Implanon®) | 1,512 (24.3%) |
| Levonorgestrel implants (e.g. Jadelle®) | 4,704 (75.5%) |
| Depomedroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) | 16,363 (17.4%) |
| Combined oral contraceptives or oral contraceptive pills (COCs or OCPs) | 2,495 (2.7%) |
| Other more effective contraception | 2,811 (3.0%) |
| Intrauterine devices (IUDs) | 720 (25.6%) |
| Permanent methods | 2,079 (74.0%) |
| Less effective contraception (condoms, “natural” methods) | 34,444 (36.6%) |
| No contraceptive method | 30,934 (32.9%) |
| Missing | 883 (0.94%) |
| Antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen | |
| Nevirapine-based ART | 46,132 (49.0%) |
| Efavirenz-based ART | 13,573 (14.4%) |
| Lopinavir/ritonavir-based ART | 3,649 (3.9%) |
| No ART | 30,494 (32.4%) |
| Missing | 314 (0.33%) |
| Age at start of observation period, median | 31 (IQR 26–36) |
| Education level* | |
| None | 247 (1.0%) |
| Some primary school | 8,943 (36.4%) |
| Completed primary school | 742 (3.0%) |
| Some secondary school | 2,912 (11.9%) |
| Completed secondary school | 191 (0.78%) |
| Some college or university | 592 (2.4%) |
| Missing | 10,933 (44.5%) |
| Marital Status* | |
| Married or cohabitating | 10,702 (43.6%) |
| Single, widowed, or divorced | 6,870 (28.0%) |
| Missing | 6,988 (28.5%) |
| Number of living children (≤14 years of age), median* | 2 (IQR 1–3) |
| Had disclosed HIV status to main sexual partner at the time of enrollment in care* | |
| Yes | 10,298 (41.9%) |
| No | 7,402 (30.1%) |
| Missing | 6,860 (27.9%) |
| Self-reported ART adherence closest to start of observation period | |
| “Good” | 59,366 (93.2%) |
| “Fair” or “Poor” | 1,073 (1.7%) |
| Missing | 3,229 (5.1%) |
| Percent usage of male or female condoms used noted at each visit out of total visits during observation period, median | 33% (IQR 0–100%) |
| Duration in care, since enrollment to start of observation period (in years), median | 1.2 (IQR 0.25–2.7) |
| Total number of visits, median* | 11 (IQR 5–17) |
| Total number of observations, median* | 3 (IQR 2–5) |
| Total woman-time contributed to cohort (in months), median* | 18 (IQR 5–30) |
| BMI, mean (kg/m2) | 22.3 (SD 4.0) |
| WHO stage closest to start of observation period (within +/− one year) | |
| 1 | 28,959 (30.8%) |
| 2 | 33,495 (35.6%) |
| 3 | 25,949 (27.6%) |
| 4 | 5,646 (6.0%) |
| Missing | 113 (0.12%) |
| CD4 cell count closest to start of observation period (within +/− one year), median (cells/mm3) | 463 (IQR 305–657) |
| CD4 cell count category closest to start of observation period (within +/− one year, cells/mm3) | |
| 0–49 | 2,486 (2.6%) |
| 50–199 | 9,051 (9.6%) |
| 200–349 | 17,963 (19.1%) |
| 350–499 | 21,346 (22.7%) |
| ≥500 | 40,918 (43.5%) |
| Missing | 2,398 (2.6%) |
| Use of anti-tuberculosis drugs during observation period | 3,453 (3.7%) |
| Active tuberculosis treatment | 2,744 (79.5%) |
| Latent tuberculosis treatment | 709 (20.5%) |
*
These characteristics are calculated by number of women, instead of observations (n=24,560 women)