Table 1.
Characteristics of the sample
| All subjects | Hong Kong Chinese born | Mainland China born women | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 2761) | (N = 1757) | (N =1004) | ||
| Initiated breastfeeding | 0.623 | |||
| Yes | 2225 (80.6) | 1411 (80.3) | 814 (81.1) | |
| No | 536 (19.4) | 346 (19.7) | 190 (18.9) | |
| Maternal age (years) | 0.001 | |||
| 18–24 | 265 (9.6) | 159 (9.1) | 106 (10.6) | |
| 25–29 | 712 (25.8) | 419 (23.9) | 293 (29.2) | |
| 30–34 | 1028 (37.2) | 697 (39.7) | 331 (33.0) | |
| ≥35 | 756 (27.4) | 482 (27.4) | 274 (27.3) | |
| Parity | <0.001 | |||
| Primiparous | 1470 (53.2) | 1043 (59.4) | 427 (42.5) | |
| Multiparous | 1291 (46.8) | 714 (40.6) | 577 (57.5) | |
| Maternal education | <0.001 | |||
| Compulsory secondary or belowa | 1662 (60.2) | 949 (54.0) | 713 (71.0) | |
| Upper secondary | 486 (17.6) | 323 (18.4) | 163 (16.2) | |
| University degree or above | 613 (22.2) | 485 (27.6) | 128 (12.8) | |
| Monthly family income (HKD)b | <0.001 | |||
| <$15,000 | 692 (25.1) | 269 (15.3) | 423 (42.1) | |
| $15,000–$29,999 | 1159 (42.0) | 757 (43.1) | 402 (40.0) | |
| ≥$30,000 | 910 (33.0) | 731 (41.6) | 179 (17.8) | |
| Marital status | 0.107 | |||
| Unmarried | 161 (5.8) | 112 (6.4) | 49 (4.9) | |
| Married | 2600 (94.2) | 1645 (93.6) | 955(95.1) | |
| Work full-time during pregnancy | <0.001 | |||
| No | 795 (28.8) | 331 (18.8) | 464 (46.2) | |
| Yes | 1966 (71.2) | 1426 (81.2) | 540 (53.8) | |
| Work full-time post-partum | <0.001 | |||
| No | 1167 (42.3) | 543 (30.9) | 624 (62.2) | |
| Yes | 1594 (57.7) | 1214 (69.1) | 380 (37.9) | |
| Maternal smoking | <0.001 | |||
| No | 2667 (96.6) | 1679 (95.6) | 988 (98.4) | |
| Yes | 94 (3.4) | 78 (4.4) | 16 (1.6) | |
| Paternal smoking | 0.085 | |||
| No | 1852 (67.1) | 1199 (68.2) | 653 (65.0) | |
| Yes | 909 (32.9) | 558 (31.8) | 351 (35.0) | |
| Pre-pregnancy health problem | 0.979 | |||
| No | 2525 (91.5) | 1607 (91.5) | 918 (91.4) | |
| Yes | 236 (8.6) | 150 (8.5) | 86 (8.6) | |
| Pregnancy-related health problem | 0.817 | |||
| No | 2387 (86.5) | 1521 (86.6) | 866 (86.3) | |
| Yes | 374 (13.6) | 236 (13.4) | 138 (13.8) | |
| Delivery type | 0.122 | |||
| Spontaneous vaginal | 1902 (68.9) | 1187 (67.6) | 715 (71.2) | |
| Assisted vaginal | 139 (5.0) | 96 (5.5) | 43 (4.3) | |
| Planned cesarean | 365 (13.2) | 233 (13.3) | 132 (13.2) | |
| Emergency cesarean | 355 (12.9) | 241 (13.7) | 114 (11.4) | |
| Preterm birth | 0.904 | |||
| No | 2546 (92.2) | 1621 (92.3) | 925 (92.1) | |
| Yes | 215 (7.8) | 136 (7.7) | 79 (7.9) | |
| Infant LBWc | 0.011 | |||
| No | 2540 (92.0) | 1599 (91.0) | 941 (93.7) | |
| Yes | 221 (8.0) | 158 (9.0) | 63 (6.3) |
aCompulsory secondary education is to Form 3 or Grade 9.
b1 USD = 7.78 HKD
cLBW Low birth weight