Table 3.
Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for breastfeeding initiation by birth place and for the total sample
| Hong Kong born | Mainland China born | All participants | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | aORa | (95 % CI) | aORa | (95 % CI) | aORa | (95 % CI) |
| Maternal age (years) | ||||||
| 18–24 | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | 1 | -- |
| 25–29 | 0.71 | (0.44, 1.16) | 1.11 | (0.61, 2.00) | 0.86 | (0.59, 1.25) |
| 30–34 | 0.97 | (0.59, 1.58) | 1.47 | (0.80, 2.71) | 1.12 | (0.77, 1.63) |
| ≥35 | 0.90 | (0.54, 1.51) | 1.02 | (0.55, 1.87) | 0.97 | (0.65, 1.43) |
| Parity | ||||||
| Primiparous | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | 1 | -- |
| Multiparous | 0.46 | (0.35, 0.61) | 0.59 | (0.40, 0.86) | 0.53 | (0.43, 0.66) |
| Maternal education | ||||||
| Compulsory secondary or belowb | 0.29 | (0.19, 0.45) | 0.67 | (0.35, 1.31) | 0.36 | (0.25, 0.52) |
| Upper secondary | 0.42 | (0.26, 0.67) | 0.73 | (0.36, 1.51) | 0.49 | (0.33, 0.72) |
| University degree or above | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Monthly family income (HKD)c | ||||||
| <$15,000 | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | 1 | -- |
| $15,000–$29,999 | 1.10 | (0.76, 1.58) | 1.20 | (0.82, 1.76) | 1.06 | (0.82, 1.36) |
| ≥$30,000 | 1.42 | (0.91, 2.23) | 1.09 | (0.61, 1.96) | 1.20 | (0.85, 1.68) |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Unmarried | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | 1 | -- |
| Married | 1.24 | (0.77, 2.00) | 1.89 | (0.93, 3.82) | 1.46 | (0.99, 2.14) |
| Work full-time during pregnancy | ||||||
| No | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | 1 | -- |
| Yes | 1.42 | (0.95, 2.12) | 1.30 | (0.83, 2.04) | 1.29 | (0.96, 1.74) |
| Work full-time post-partum | ||||||
| No | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | 1 | -- |
| Yes | 0.74 | (0.51, 1.06) | 0.79 | (0.49, 1.27) | 0.72 | (0.54, 0.95) |
| Maternal smoking | ||||||
| No | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | 1 | -- |
| Yes | 0.36 | (0.21, 0.61) | 0.13 | (0.04, 0.41) | 0.29 | (0.18, 0.45) |
| Paternal smoking | ||||||
| No | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | 1 | -- |
| Yes | 0.80 | (0.60, 1.05) | 0.70 | (0.49, 0.99) | 0.75 | (0.60, 0.92) |
| Pre-pregnancy health problem | ||||||
| No | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | 1 | -- |
| Yes | 1.22 | (0.76, 1.98) | 0.65 | (0.38, 1.10) | 0.94 | (0.66, 1.34) |
| Pregnancy-related problem | ||||||
| No | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | 1 | -- |
| Yes | 0.85 | (0.59, 1.21) | 0.60 | (0.38, 0.94) | 0.73 | (0.55, 0.96) |
| Delivery type | ||||||
| Spontaneous vaginal | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | 1 | -- |
| Assisted vaginal | 0.60 | (0.35, 1.03) | 0.84 | (0.37, 1.93) | 0.65 | (0.42, 1.03) |
| Planned cesarean | 0.63 | (0.44, 0.90) | 0.94 | (0.58, 1.53) | 0.73 | (0.55, 0.97) |
| Emergency cesarean | 0.63 | (0.43, 0.92) | 1.52 | (0.82, 2.82) | 0.83 | (0.61, 1.13) |
| Preterm birth | ||||||
| No | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | 1 | -- |
| Yes | 0.96 | (0.54, 1.70) | 0.97 | (0.47, 2.00) | 1.00 | (0.65, 1.55) |
| Infant LBWd | ||||||
| No | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | 1 | -- |
| Yes | 0.64 | (0.38, 1.09) | 0.71 | (0.32, 1.56) | 0.66 | (0.43, 1.02) |
aadjusted for variables shown
bCompulsory secondary education is to Form 3 or Grade 9
c1 USD = 7.78 HKD
dLBW Low birth weight