Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity quartiles
| Characteristics | PWV quartiles | P for trend | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||
| PWV (cm/sec) | 977–1256.5 | 1256.5–1345.5 | 1345.5–1441.5 | 1441.5–2397.5 | <0.001 |
| Number | 281 | 281 | 282 | 280 | |
| Age (years)a | 42.3 (4.5) | 43.3 (4.3) | 43.8 (5.2) | 45.0 (6.0) | <0.001 |
| Male (%) | 89.7 | 94.0 | 96.8 | 99.3 | 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.1(3.3) | 24.9 (2.8) | 25.1 (3.2) | 25.4 (2.9) | 0.155 |
| Obesity (%) | 43.8 | 47.1 | 53.6 | 52.9 | 0.012 |
| Current smoker (%) | 26.3 | 31.0 | 30.9 | 33.9 | 0.065 |
| Alcohol intake (%)b | 28.1 | 32.4 | 32.3 | 40.7 | 0.003 |
| High education level (%)c | 84.2 | 82.3 | 87.7 | 80.8 | 0.655 |
| Diabetes (%) | 5.0 | 6.4 | 9.6 | 16.1 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 10.3 | 23.8 | 26.2 | 42.9 | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg)a | 113.9 (10.8) | 118.7 (11.5) | 119.3 (11.2) | 126.5 (11.5) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg)a | 72.6 (8.1) | 76.0 (8.8) | 76.5 (8.0) | 81.5 (9.0) | <0.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dL)a | 94.4 (11.1) | 98.1 (18.3) | 99.2 (18.1) | 105.3 (23.6) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL)a | 203.5 (37.4) | 212.0 (35.5) | 213.6 (39.5) | 210.8 (37.5) | 0.020 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL)a | 126.4 (34.1) | 133.5 (32.3) | 134.6 (34.6) | 130.1 (33.8) | 0.174 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL)a | 53.2 (13.8) | 50.5 (10.7) | 49.7 (11.4) | 51.0 (12.0) | 0.022 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL)d | 114 (80–156) | 138 (98–192) | 139 (99–200) | 163 (114–227.5) | <0.001 |
| ALT (U/l)d | 22 (16–31) | 24 (18–35) | 27 (20–41) | 28 (20–42) | <0.001 |
| GTP (U/l)d | 29 (19–43) | 35 (24–54) | 40 (26–58) | 41 (28.5–68) | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L)d | 0.05 (0.03–0.12) | 0.06 (0.04–0.11) | 0.07 (0.04–0.11) | 0.07 (0.04–0.14) | 0.005 |
Data are a means (standard deviation), d medians (interquartile range), or percentages
SI unit conversion (multiply the conversion factors to obtain the SI unit): glucose, 0.0555 (mmol/L); Total cholesterol, 0.0259 (mmol/L); LDL-C, 0.0259 (mmol/L); HDL-C, 0.0259 (mmol/L); Triglyceride, 0.0113 (mmol/L); C-reactive protein, 10 (mg/L)
ALT alanine aminotransferase, GTP glutamyl transpeptidase, BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, b ≥20 g/day; c ≥College graduate