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Path diagrams showing direct and indirect influences of early social environment on (a) longevity, (b) litter size at weaning and (c) juvenile survival in dominant female Alpine marmots (Marmota marmota). Path coefficients are given with their associated standard errors in brackets. Thick lines indicate statistically supported effects. Percentages of explained independent variance (γ) associated with the early and adult social environments were indicated for longevity.
