Table 4.
Estimates (βest ± SE) from linear generalized estimating equations examining associations of time-varying meal practices (days/week) with baseline weight statusa,b
| Family meal | Breakfast | TV mealsc | Fast food | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Independent variables | βest (SE) | P | βest (SE) | P | βest (SE) | P | βest (SE) | P |
| Wave | −0.24 (0.03) | <0.001 | −0.18 (0.05) | 0.001 | −0.22 (0.04) | <0.001 | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.05 |
| Baseline weight status (normal weight = reference) | ||||||||
| Underweight | −0.09 (0.36) | 0.80 | 0.10 (0.63) | 0.87 | −0.56 (0.42) | 0.20 | 0.03 (0.25) | 0.91 |
| Overweight | −0.30 (0.12) | 0.02 | −0.42 (0.11) | 0.001 | 0.10 (0.19) | 0.60 | 0.04 (0.09) | 0.69 |
| Obese | −0.28 (0.20) | 0.17 | −0.24 (0.12) | 0.06 | 0.13 (0.19) | 0.51 | −0.10 (0.09) | 0.26 |
| Baseline height (cm) | −0.008 (0.005) | 0.17 | 0.006 (0.009) | 0.48 | −0.005 (0.008) | 0.53 | 0.005 (0.004) | 0.23 |
| Sex (male = reference) | −0.13 (0.10) | 0.18 | 0.18 (0.14) | 0.22 | −0.23 (0.15) | 0.13 | −0.15 (0.05) | 0.01 |
| Race/ethnicity (Non-Hispanic White = reference) | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | −0.33 (0.15) | 0.04 | −0.30 (0.20) | 0.13 | 1.47 (0.15) | <0.001 | 0.54 (0.08) | <0.001 |
| Hispanic | −0.16 (0.12) | 0.20 | 0.05 (0.21) | 0.80 | 0.26 (0.19) | 0.19 | 0.13 (0.13) | 0.33 |
| Other | 0.07 (0.21) | 0.72 | −0.13 (0.26) | 0.63 | −0.21 (0.37) | 0.58 | −0.02 (0.15) | 0.88 |
| Family Affluence Scored | 0.07 (0.04) | 0.046 | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.68 | −0.02 (0.04) | 0.63 | 0.08 (0.02) | 0.002 |
| Parent education (<High school graduate = reference) | ||||||||
| High school graduate | 0.07 (0.17) | 0.68 | 0.07 (0.25) | 0.78 | −0.12 (0.25) | 0.64 | 0.05 (0.13) | 0.68 |
| Some college | 0.10 (0.18) | 0.60 | −0.01 (0.28) | 0.97 | 0.12 (0.29) | 0.68 | 0.03 (0.12) | 0.83 |
| Bachelor’s degree | 0.18 (0.23) | 0.44 | 0.27 (0.29) | 0.36 | −0.26 (0.22) | 0.25 | −0.08 (0.11) | 0.49 |
| Graduate degree | 0.29 (0.18) | 0.13 | 0.50 (0.25) | 0.07 | −0.74 (0.21) | 0.003 | −0.17 (0.11) | 0.16 |
| Urbanicity (urban = reference) | ||||||||
| Suburban | 0.01 (0.15) | 0.93 | −0.03 (0.18) | 0.88 | 0.03 (0.17) | 0.86 | 0.02 (0.09) | 0.81 |
| Rural | −0.05 (0.13) | 0.70 | 0.07 (0.18) | 0.71 | 0.01 (0.16) | 0.95 | −0.13 (0.11) | 0.26 |
| Vigorous physical activity (hours/week) | 0.07 (0.02) | <0.001 | 0.13 (0.02) | <0.001 | −0.05 (0.02) | 0.03 | −0.02 (0.01) | 0.15 |
| Residual intraclass correlatione | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0.45 | 0.48 | ||||
aWeight status calculated according to Body Mass Index percentile cut-offs: <5 underweight; ≥5, <85 normal weight; ≥85, <95 overweight; ≥95 obese
bSeparate models examining each eating behavior outcome, adjusted for all independent variables
cWatching television during meals
dRanging from 0 (low affluence) to 7 (high affluence)
eEstimated from linear mixed models with same covariates as GEE models, calculated by dividing between-cluster variation by total variation