Table 5.
Estimates from linear generalized estimating equations examining associations of time-varying food group intake frequencies (times/day) with time-varying meal practices (days/week)a
| Food group intake frequency (times/day) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fruit/vegetables | Soda | Whole grains | Snacks | |||||
| Independent variables | βest (SE) | P | βest (SE) | P | βest (SE) | P | βest (SE) | P |
| Meal practice (days/week) | ||||||||
| Family meals | 0.33 (0.05) | <0.001 | −0.003 (0.02) | 0.89 | 0.07 (0.02) | <0.001 | 0.005 (0.02) | 0.80 |
| Breakfast | 0.18 (0.03) | <0.001 | −0.05 (0.01) | <0.001 | 0.04 (0.01) | 0.001 | −0.01 (0.009) | 0.14 |
| TV mealsb | 0.001 (0.03) | 0.96 | 0.08 (0.008) | <0.001 | 0.02 (0.009) | 0.02 | 0.07 (0.009) | <0.001 |
| Fast food | −0.31 (0.04) | <.001 | 0.24 (0.02) | <0.001 | −0.03 (0.02) | 0.10 | 0.20 (0.03) | <0.001 |
aEstimates from separate models predicting time-varying intake frequency of fruit/vegetables, soda, whole grains, and sweet/salty snacks (times/day). Models adjusted for wave, time-varying body mass index, height, and vigorous physical activity (hours/day), and baseline sex, race/ethnicity, family affluence score (ranging from 0 = low affluence to 7 = high affluence), parent education, and urbanicity
bWatching television during meals