Table 6.
Estimates from linear generalized estimating equation models examining associations of time-varying body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) with time-varying food group intake frequencies (times/day)a
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Independent variables | βest (SE) | P | βest (SE) | P | βest (SE) | P | βest (SE) | P |
| Fruit and vegetables (times/day) | 0.09 (0.06) | 0.16 | -- | -- | -- | |||
| Whole grains (times/day) | -- | 0.14 (0.15) | 0.35 | -- | -- | |||
| Soda (times/day) | -- | -- | -0.15 (0.12) | 0.23 | -- | |||
| Snacks (times/day) | -- | -- | -- | -0.33 (0.12) | 0.02 | |||
| Wave (year) | 0.49 (0.05) | <0.001 | 0.47 (0.05) | <0.001 | 0.48 (0.06) | <0.001 | 0.40 (0.07) | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.47 | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.48 | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.52 | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.48 |
| Sex (male=ref) | 0.11 (0.52) | 0.84 | 0.07 (0.54) | 0.89 | 0.12 (0.58) | 0.83 | 0.12 (0.58) | 0.84 |
| Race/ethnicity (Non-Hispanic White=ref) | ||||||||
| Non=Hispanic Black | 2.22 (0.82) | 0.01 | 2.36 (0.86) | 0.01 | 2.53 (0.94) | 0.01 | 2.69 (0.95) | 0.009 |
| Hispanic | 1.36 (0.57) | 0.03 | 1.43 (0.59) | 0.02 | 1.52 (0.60) | 0.02 | 1.54 (0.61) | 0.02 |
| Other | 0.46 (0.69) | 0.51 | 0.48 (0.69) | 0.49 | 0.87 (0.80) | 0.29 | 0.84 (0.80) | 0.30 |
| Family Affluence Scoreb | -0.22 (0.23) | 0.33 | -0.23 (0.23) | 0.33 | -0.24 (0.27) | 0.37 | -0.25 (0.26) | 0.35 |
| Parent education (<High school graduate=ref) | ||||||||
| High school graduate | 0.26 (0.66) | 0.70 | 0.27 (0.65) | 0.68 | 0.38 (0.68) | 0.58 | 0.41 (0.68) | 0.55 |
| Some college | 0.59 (0.65) | 0.37 | 0.59 (0.65) | 0.38 | 0.78 (0.71) | 0.29 | 0.80 (0.70) | 0.27 |
| Bachelor’s degree | -0.75 (0.83) | 0.37 | -0.78 (0.84) | 0.36 | -0.70 (0.88) | 0.43 | -0.65 (0.87) | 0.46 |
| Graduate degree | 0.05 (0.96) | 0.96 | 0.03 (0.99) | 0.98 | 0.24 (1.02) | 0.82 | 0.27 (1.02) | 0.79 |
| Urbanicity (urban=ref) | ||||||||
| Suburban | 1.27 (0.70) | 0.08 | 1.26 (0.69) | 0.08 | 1.46 (0.76) | 0.07 | 1.48 (0.76) | 0.06 |
| Rural | 1.07 (0.58) | 0.08 | 1.07 (0.57) | 0.07 | 1.24 (0.64) | 0.06 | 1.28 (0.64) | 0.06 |
| Vigorous physical activity (hours/week) | -0.13 (0.04) | 0.006 | -0.12 (0.04) | 0.008 | -0.15 (0.05) | 0.006 | -0.15 (0.05) | 0.006 |
aEach model examined associations of time-varying BMI outcome with a single food group, adjusted for wave, time-varying height and vigorous physical activity, and baseline sociodemographic characteristics
bRanging from 0 (low affluence) to 7 (high affluence)