Table 1.
PML post-translational modifications, regulators and effects of these modifications on PML protein levels
| Regulators | Effect on PML | Target region/sites | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| KLHL20 (MLN4924), SIAH, E6AP, UHRF1 | Down-regulates PML protein abundance by promoting ubiquitination | [120–124] | |
| RNF4 | SUMO-dependent | [118, 119] | |
| KLHL39, USP11 | Up-regulates PML protein by blocking ubiquitination | [125, 129] | |
| MageA, HDAC7, PIAS1, SIRT1 | Regulates PML SUMOylation |
K65, K160, K490 | [132–134] |
| K490 | [116, 131] | ||
| p300 | Acetylation | K487, K515 | [146] |
| SIRT1, SIRT5 | De-acetylation, increase K490SUMOylation | K487 | [9, 116] |
| Chk2 | Phosphorylation | S117 | [45] |
| CDK1/2 | S518 | [122] | |
| ERK2 | S403, S505 | [142] | |
| CK2 (Emodin) | S565a | [143] | |
| BMK1 (XMD9-92) | S8, S38 | [144] | |
| HIPK2 | S403, T409 | [145] | |
| SCP1, SCP2 and SCP3 | De-phosphorylation | S518 | [128] |
| Pin1 | Isomerization | pS518-P519 | [122, 141, 142] |
PML protein is controlled by several post-translational modifications, including ubquitination, SUMOylation, acetylation, phosphorylation and isomerization
a Annotated as S517 in reference due to different PML isoform