Table 2.

Influence of vitamin E on bone.

Author	Type of Study	Subjects Studied	Primary Endpoint	Main Results of the Study
Michaëlsson, K., 2014 [37]	Two cohort studies: The Swedish Mammography Cohort (SMC) and the Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men (ULSAM)	(SMC; n = 61,433 women); (ULSAM; n = 1138 men)	To determine whether α-tocopherol intake or serum concentration are associated with fracture risk in older women and men.	Low intakes and low serum concentrations of α-tocopherol are associated with an increased rate of fracture in elderly women and men.
Holvik, K., 2014 [38]	Case-cohort study	21,774 men and women aged 65–79 years who participated in four community-based health studies in Norway 1994–2001	To investigate the association between serum α-tocopherol concentrations and risk of hip fracture during up to 11 years of follow-up.	Low serum concentrations of α-tocopherol were associated with increased risk of hip fracture in older Norwegians.
D’Adamo, C.R., 2011 [39]	Observational study	148 women with hip fracture, from the fourth cohort of the Baltimore Hip Studies (BHS4)	To examine how serum α tocopherol and γ-tocopherol concentrations change throughout the year after hip fracture.	Highly cognitively and physically functioning hip fracture patients demonstrated higher vitamin E concentrations.
D’Adamo, C.R., 2012 [40]	Observational study	148 hip fracture patients	To assess whether post-fracture concentration of vitamin E and the carotenoids were associated with lower levels of IL-6 and the soluble receptor of TNF-α.	Higher post-fracture concentrations of vitamin E and the carotenoids were associated with lower levels of inflammatory markers.
D’Adamo, C.R., 2011 [41]	Observational study	148 female hip fracture patients from the Baltimore Hip Studies cohort 4 (BHS4)	To assess the association between serum concentrations of vitamin E with decline in phisical function among older adults.	Serum concentrations of both α- and γ-tocopherol were associated with better physical function after hip fracture.
Dietary Supplemtation
Chuin, A., 2009 [26]	Randomized controlled trial	34 postmenopausal women randomized in 4 groups (placebo, n = 7; antioxidants, n = 8; exercise and placebo, n = 11; exercise and antioxidants, n = 8)	To evaluate the effects of antioxidants supplementation (α-tocopherol 600 mg/die and vit C 1000 mg/die) combined to resistance training on BMD in healthy elderly women.	Significant decrease in the placebo group for lumbar spine BMD, while it remained stable in all other groups. No changes were observed for femoral neck BMD.
Pasco, J.A., 2006 [27]	observational study	533 community-dwelling non-smoking postmenopausal women (subjects were described as antioxidant supplement users if they were current users of vitamins C and/or E at the time of the assessment)	To assess the association among the use of antioxidant supplements, (vitamins C and E) and serum levels of biochemical markers of bone turnover.	The use of antioxidant supplements was inversely associated with the bone resorption marker C terminal telopeptide in serum, but not with whole body BMD.