Table 1.
Metal | Microalgae Strain | Cultivation Time | Concentration | Effect on Growth | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hg | Chlorella sp. Scenedesmus acutus | 8 days | 2.5–5 mg/L | 100% growth inhibition | [58] |
Hg | Selenastrum capricornutum | – | 0.027 mg/L | 50% inhibition | [59] |
Pb | Phaeocystis antarctica | 10 days | 0.57 mg/L | 50% inhibition | [60] |
Pb | Dunaliella tertiolecta | 48 h | 1.5–6.4 mg/L | 20% stimulation | [26] |
48 h | 7.29 mg/L | 25% inhibition | |||
Cr(III) | Dyctiosphaerium chlorelloides | 72 h | 13–17 mg/L | 50% inhibition | [61] |
Cr(III) | Scenedesmus sp. | 9 days | 0.75 µM | MMC | [62] |
Geitlerinema sp. | 9 days | 0.25 µM | |||
Cr(VI) | Chlorella pyrenoidosa | 72 h | 2 mg/L | 50% inhibition | [63] |
Cr(VI) | Chlorella vulgaris | 96 h | 5 µmol/L | ~40% inhibition | [64] |
As(III) | Chlorella sp. | 72 h | 25.2 mg/L | 50% inhibition | [65] |
Monoraphidium arcuatum | 72 h | 14.6 mg/L | 50% inhibition | ||
As(III) | Chlorella sp. | 72 h | 27 mg/L | 50% inhibition | [66] |
As(V) | Chlorella sp. | 72 h | 1.1 mg/L | 50% inhibition | [66] |
As(V) | Chlorella sp. | 72 h | 25.4 mg/L | 50% inhibition | [65] |
Monoraphidium arcuatum | 72 h | 0.254 mg/L | 50% inhibition | ||
As(V) | Oscillatoria tenuisa | 72 h | 3.8 mg/L | 50% inhibition | [67] |
Anabaena affinis | 72 h | 2.6 mg/L | 50% inhibition | ||
Microcystis aeruginosa | 72 h | 1.2 mg/L | 50% inhibition | ||
As(III) | Nostoc minutum | 7 days | 5 mg/L | Cell death | [34] |
As(V) | Nostoc minutum | 7 days | 1000 mg/L | 66% stimulation | [34] |
Cu | Isochrysis galbana | 72 h | 0.01–0.018 mg/L T | 50% inhibition | [68] |
Cu | Phaeocystis antarctica | 10 days | 0.0059 mg/L | 50% inhibition | [60] |
Cd | Phaeocystis antarctica | 10 days | 1.5 mg/L | 50% inhibition | [60] |
Cd | Scenedesmus armatus | 24 h | ~15–18 mg/L + or 0.46–0.54 mg/L +x | 50% inhibition | [69] |
Cd | Thalassiosira weissflogii | – | 4.6 pM | ~30%–92% stimulation ZnL | [44] |
Ni | Selenastrum capricornutum | – | 0.125 mg/L | 50% inhibition | [59] |
Ni | Synechococcus sp. | 15 day | 25 mg/L | ~42% inhibition | [70] |
Li | Chlorella vannielii | 12 h | 1000 mg/L | 48% inhibition | [30] |
Li | Cyanothece sp. | 28 days | 70 mg/L | Cell death | [31] |
Tl | Chlorella sp. | 72 h | 80 nmol | 100% inhibition | [71] |
Tl | Synechocystis sp. | 72 h | 1 µM | 50% inhibition | [72] |
Co | Monoraphidium minutum | 11 days | 0.5 ppm | 12% stimulation | [33] |
3 ppm | 44% inhibition | ||||
Zn | Phaeocystis antarctica | 10 days | 1.11 mg/L | 50% inhibition | [60] |
Zn | Anabaena sp. | 96 h | 0.38 mg/L | 50% inhibition | [73] |
Al | Dunaliella tertiolecta | 48 h | 2.6–14.9 mg/L | 20% stimulation | [26] |
48 h | 22.42 mg/L | 25% inhibition | |||
Al | Isochrysis galbana | 72 h | 2.57–3.23 mg/L T | 50% inhibition | [68] |
V Met | Scenedesmus obliquus | 7 days | 20 µg/L | 534% stimulation * | [37] |
V Met | Chlorella pyrenoidosa | 7 days | 1 µg/L | 67% stimulation | [38] |
V Met | Chlorella pyrenoidosa | 7 days | >1 mg/L | Inhibitory threshold | [38] |
V Ort | Haematococcus lacustris | 4 days | 2.5–5 mM | Full inhibition | [39] |
V Oxi | Scenedesmus quadricauda | 12 days | 2.23 mg/L | 50% inhibition | [40] |
Ce | Desmodesmus quadricauda | 3 days | 6 µmol/L | 16% stimulation A | [41] |
Ce | Desmodesmus quadricauda | 3 days | 94 µmol/L | ~19% inhibition A | [41] |
Ce | Desmodesmus quadricauda | 3 days | 5.74 µmol/L | 20% inhibition B | [41] |
60% stimulation C | |||||
Ce | Desmodesmus quadricauda | 3 days | 1.14 µmol/L | 40% inhibition D | [41] |
Ce | Anabaena flosaquae | 17 days | 0.1 mg/L | ~16% stimulation | [27] |
5–10 mg/L | ~33% inhibition | ||||
La | Desmodesmus quadricauda | 3 days | 5.72 µmol/L | 10% inhibition B | [41] |
80% stimulation C | |||||
La | Desmodesmus quadricauda | 3 days | 1.13 µmol/L | No change D | [41] |
La | Scenedesmus quadricauda | 22–23 days | 72 µmol/L | 50% inhibition | [42] |
La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu | Skeletonema costatum | 96 h | 28–29 µmol/L | 50% inhibition | [43] |
Nd | Desmodesmus quadricauda | 3 days | 5.76 µmol/L | 10% stimulation B | [41] |
120% stimulation C | |||||
Nd | Desmodesmus quadricauda | 3 days | 1.09 µmol/L | ~5% inhibition D | [41] |
TiO2-NPs | Nitzschia closterium | 96 h | 88–118 mg/L | 50% inhibition | [49] |
TiO2-NPs | Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata | 72 h | 2.53 mg/L | 50% inhibition | [52] |
TiO2-NPs | Chlorella vulgaris | – | 2.5–5 g/L | 42% inhibition | [74] |
ZnO-NPs | Chlorella vulgaris | 72 h | 200 mg/L | 35% cell viability | [50] |
ZnO-NPs | Dunaliella tertiolecta | 96 h | 2.4 mg/L | 50% inhibition | [56] |
ZnO-NPs | Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata | 72 h | 0.1 mg/L | 80% inhibition | [52] |
ZnO-NPs | Phaeodactylum tricornutum | – | 100 mg/L | 80% inhibition | [51] |
Alexandrium minutum | 100 mg/L | 80% inhibition | |||
Tetraselmis suecica | 100 mg/L | No effect | |||
ZnO-NPs | Scenedesmus rubescens | 96 h | 14.27 mg/L or >810 mg/L CM | 50% inhibition | [53] |
CeO2-NPs | Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata | 72 h | 4.1–6.2 mg/L AS | 50% inhibition | [55] |
NiO-NPs | Chlorella vulgaris | 120 h | 44 mg/L | 50% inhibition | [75] |
Y2O3-NPs | Phaeodactylum tricornutum | – | 100 mg/L | ~40% inhibition | [51] |
Alexandrium minutum | 100 mg/L | ~40% inhibition | |||
Tetraselmis suecica | 100 mg/L | 70% inhibition | |||
BaTiO3-NPs | Chlorella vulgaris | 72 h | 1 mg/L | ~57% inhibition | [76] |
Al2O3-NPs | Chlorella sp. | 72 h | 45.4 mg/L | 50% inhibition | [54] |
Scenedesmus sp. | 72 h | 39.35 mg/L | 50% inhibition | ||
Ag-NPs | Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata | 72 h | 1.63 mg/L | 50% inhibition | [77] |
Pt-NPs | Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata | 72 h | 16.9 mg/L | 50% inhibition | [77] |
nZVI-Nanofer 25 | Arthrospira maxima | 216 h | 5.1 mg/L | 19% stimulation | [57] |
nZVI-Nanofer 25 | Desmodesmus subspicatus | 216 h | 5.1 mg/L | 73% stimulation | [57] |
nZVI-Nanofer 25 | Parachlorella kessleri | 216 h | 5.1 mg/L | 38% stimulation | [57] |
MMC, Minimum Metal Concentration significantly affecting Chlorophyll a intensity; T, depending on temperature applied; +, depending on Cd salt used; x, including complex abilities of media mineral elements; *, when compared to Scenedesmus growth in Fe deficient medium; ZnL, at low Zn concentrations; Met, added as metavanadate; Ort, added as orthovanadate; Oxi, added as vanadium pentoxide; A, in standard medium and compared to a control in standard medium without Ce; B, in Ca deficient medium and compared to a control in standard medium without tested metal; C, in Ca deficient medium and compared to a control in Ca deficient medium without tested metal; D, in Mn deficient medium and compared to a control in Mn deficient medium without tested metal; NPs, nanoparticles; CM, depending on culture medium; AS, depending on aged suspension; nZVI, zero-valent iron nanoparticles; Ref., Reference.