Table 1.
Overview of metabolomic studies addressing the mechanisms of Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance in wheat and barley.
| Pathosystem | Part of the Plant; Stage of Inoculation ab; Harvesting a | Technology | Database | Putatively Identified Metabolites Linked to FHB Resistance | Main Chemical Groups | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plant | Pathogen | ||||||
| Wheat. 2 cultivars: 1 susceptible (Roblin); 1 resistant (Sumai3) | F. graminearum | Spikelets; Inoculation GS = 60–69 (anthesis); Harvested at 24 hai | GC-MS | NIST | 55 | Carbohydrates; Fatty acids; Phenylpropanoids | [27] |
| Wheat. 121 genotypes with different levels of FHB resistance | none | Leaf and stem; no inoculation Harvested at 14 days of growing | 1H NMR | Identification by spiking with standards | 10 | Amines; Amino acids; Carbohydrates | [22] |
| Wheat. 6 cultivars with different levels of FHB resistance | F. graminearum | Spikelets; Inoculation GS = 60–69 (anthesis); Harvested at 24 hai | GC-MS | GMD; NIST | 45 | Amino acids; Carbohydrates; Fatty acids; Organic acids; Phenylpropanoids; Polyamines | [28] |
| Wheat. 2 cultivars: 1 susceptible (Roblin); 1 resistant (Sumai3) | F. graminearum or DON | Spikelets; Inoculation GS = 65 (anthesis); Harvested at 48 hai | GC-MS | GMD; NIST | 47 | Amino acids; Carbohydrates; Fatty acids; Organic acids; Phnelypropanoids; Polyamines | [32] |
| Barley. 2 cultivars: 1 susceptible (Stander); 1 resistant (Chevron) | F. graminearum | Spikelets; Inoculation GS = 65–73; Harvested at 48 hai | LC-ESI-LTQ- Orbitrap | METLIN; PubChem; KNApSAcK; HMDB; MoTo | 47 | Amino acids; Fatty acids; Phenylpropanoids | [20] |
| Barley. 6 genotypes: 5 resistant (Chevron + 4 others); 1 susceptible (Stander) | F. graminearum | Spikelets; Inoculation GS = 71–75; Harvested at 72 hai | LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap | Not cited | 130 | Fatty acids; Phenylpropanoids; Terpenoids | [21] |
| Barley. 2 genotypes: 1 susceptible; 1 resistant | F. graminearum | Spikelets; Inoculation at GS = 65–73 (anthesis to early milk stage); NA | LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap | METLIN; KNApSAcK; MassBank; McGill-MD; KEGG; HMDB | 53 | Fatty acids; Phenylpropanoids | [30] |
| Barley. 6 genotypes: 1 susceptible; 5 resistant | F. graminearum | Spikelets; Inoculation at GS = 65 (anthesis to early milk stage); Harvested at 72 hai | LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap | Databases not cited Identification by spiking with standards | 38 | Fatty acids; Phenylpropanoids | [31] |
| Wheat. 2 near Isogenic Lines with susceptible and resistant alleles of Fhb1 | F. graminearum | Rachis and spikelets; Inoculated at anthesis; Harvested at 72 hai | LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap | METLIN; KNApSAcK; PMN; LIPIDMAPS; KEGG; McGill-MD | Rachises: 87 Spikelets: 57 | Fatty acids; Phenylpropanoids; Terpenoids | [26] |
| Black barley. 2 lines: 1 susceptible; 1 resistant | F. graminearum | Spikelets; Inoculation at GS = 65–73 (anthesis to early milk stage); Harvested at 72 hai | LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap | Not cited | 74 | Amino acids; Carbohydrates; Fatty acids; Phenylpropanoids | [29] |
| Yellow barley. 2 lines: 1 susceptible; 1 resistant | Identification by spiking with standards | ||||||
| Barley. 5 lines: 1 susceptible; 4 resistant | F. graminearum | Spikelets; Inoculation at 50% anthesis; Harvested at 72 hai | LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap | PlanyCyc; METLIN; KNApSAcK; KEGG | 76 | Alkaloids; Fatty acids; Hydroxycinnamic acids; Phenylpropanoids; Terpenoids | [24] |
| Barley. 9 varieties: Aktiv; Gladys; Henrike; Lilly; Radegast; Sebastian; Signora; Sladar; Tolar | F. culmorum | NA; Inoculated at the beginning of heading Harvested at 11 dai | UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS | PlanyCyc; METLIN; MassBank | 13 | Fatty acids; Phenylpropanoids | [23] |
| Wheat 2 cultivars: 1 susceptible (Roblin); 1 resistant (Sumai3) | F. graminearum | Rachis Inoculated GS = 65 (anthesis) Harvested at 3 dai | LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap, | METLIN; MassBank; MS2T | 133 | Amino acids; Carbohydrates; Phenylpropanoids; Terpenoids | [25] |
a hai: hours after inoculation, dai: days after inoculation, NA: not available; b GS: Growth Stage on the Zadocks scale [44].