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. 2015 Oct 23;16(10):25234–25263. doi: 10.3390/ijms161025234

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Sources of ROS in the diabetic heart. NADPH oxidase, mitochondria respiratory chain, Arachidonic acid (AA), xanthine oxidase and uncoupling of NOS are major source of ROS in the diabetic heat. Activated NADPH, dysfunctional mitochondrial respiratory chain, decreased availability of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) in uncoupled eNOS, activated 12/15-LOX pathway in AA and xanthine oxidase generate superoxide anion (·O2−) in the heart. SOD isoforms, MnSOD, and CuZn SOD dismutate superoxide anion (·O2−) to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Superoxide anion (·O2−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (·OH), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), dihydrobiopterin (BH2), tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4).