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. 2015 Oct 26;16(10):25678–25690. doi: 10.3390/ijms161025678

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© 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effect of Zol and IFN-γ administration on osteoclastogenesis and immune responses in defects treated with α-TCP/CS. (a) Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining representing the presence of osteoclasts (TRAP-positive cells) in tissue sections; (b,c) Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α; purple) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) expression (brown). Scale bars: 120 μm; (d) Expression of genes closely related to osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption (Rankl, Tnf-α, Il-1β, and M-csf). The data show the mean ± SD (n = 4). ^# Control vs. IFN-γ, * Control vs. Zol; *^,# p < 0.05, **^,## p < 0.01 (Tukey–Kramer method).